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The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, John Milton, James Harrington and Sidney, Trenchard, Gordon and Bolingbroke, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu, formed the authoritative literature of this culture ; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption ; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies ( opposed to the ideal of the militia ), established churches ( opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion ) and the promotion of a monied interest — though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement.
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Whig and canon
Michael Bentley analyses the " Whig theory " according to Butterfield as equivalent to the formation of a canon of 19th-century historians of England ( such as William Stubbs, James Anthony Froude, E. A. Freeman, J. R. Green, W. E. H. Lecky, Lord Acton, J. R. Seeley, S. R. Gardiner, C. H. Firth and J.
Whig and John
Time was also taken up in a controversy involving his Senate colleague from Tennessee, John Bell, a leading Whig.
Lord John Russell, the Whig leader who had succeeded Peel as Prime Minister and like Rothschild a member for the City of London, introduced a Jewish Disabilities Bill to amend the oath and permit Jews to enter Parliament.
In the years after Grey's retirement the party was led first by Lord Melbourne, a fairly traditional Whig, and then by Lord John Russell, the son of a Duke but a crusading radical, and Lord Palmerston, a renegade Irish Tory and essentially a conservative, although capable of radical gestures.
However there was no consistency in Whig ideology, and diverse writers including John Locke, David Hume, Adam Smith and Edmund Burke were all influential among Whigs, although none of them was universally accepted.
Indeed, Lord Aberdeen's own dislike of the Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Bill, the rejection of which he failed to secure in 1851, prevented him from joining the government of Whig government of Lord John Russell in 1851.
Lord Palmerston, who at the time of Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup was serving as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell.
( Incumbent Whig President John Tyler — a former Democrat — had become estranged from the Whigs and was not nominated for a second term.
The Republicans who formed the Whig party, led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, drew on a Jeffersonian tradition of compromise and balance in government, national unity, territorial expansion, and support for a national transportation network and domestic manufacturing.
Additionally, John Quincy Adams, elected President as a Democratic-Republican, later became a National Republican and then a Whig after he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1831.
Both William's paternal uncles Thomas and John were MPs while his aunt Lucy married the leading Whig politician and soldier General James Stanhope.
* December 21 – John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, Scottish peer and Whig politician ( d. 1847 )
This process did not yet lead to formal party organization, but later, the faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while the factions led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party.
Ashcraft and Goldsmith ( 1983 ) have traced in detail in the period 1689 to 1710 the major influence of the liberal political ideas of John Locke on Whig political values, as expressed in widely cited manifestos such as " Political Aphorisms: or, the True Maxims of Government Displayed ," an anonymous pamphlet that appeared in 1690 and was widely cited by Whigs.
Whig leaders, such as Lord Grey, Lord Grenville, Lord Althorp, William Lamb ( later Lord Melbourne ) and Lord John Russell were all rich landowners.
The Whig Lord John Russell brought forward one such measure in 1820, proposing the disfranchisement of the notoriously corrupt borough of Grampound in Cornwall.
Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise, which failed to pass in early 1850, due to the opposition of both pro-slavery southern Democrats, led by John C. Calhoun, and anti-slavery northern Whigs.
When Whig president William Henry Harrison died after a month in office in 1841, vice president John Tyler took office.
Whig John Davis of Massachusetts attempted to forestall this effort by holding the floor until it would be too late to return the bill to the House, forcing the Senate to accept or reject the appropriation with the proviso intact.
The opening salvo in a new level of sectional conflict occurred on December 13, 1848 when John G. Palfrey ( Whig ) of Massachusetts introduced a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia.
In 1842 President John Tyler bought " Walnut Grove " from Collier Minge, his cousin and a local planter, and renamed the plantation " Sherwood Forest ," as he likened himself to the story of Robin Hood regarding the Whig party.
Soon afterwards the Whig leader Lord John Russell declared in favour of repeal.
The site was initially known as Paton ( after John Paton ), then Whig, before being renamed White Deer in January 1899 – after nearby White Deer Creek.
John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford kept a bust of Fox in his pantheon of Whig grandees at Woburn Abbey and erected a statue of him in Bloomsbury Square.
Anne fought stubbornly to keep her favourite minister, but when the Duke of Somerset and the Earl of Pembroke refused to act without ' the General nor the Treasurer ', Harley resigned: Henry Boyle replaced him as Secretary of State, and his fellow Whig, Robert Walpole, replaced St John as Secretary at War.
Whig and Milton
William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam PC ( 30 May 1748 – 8 February 1833 ), styled Viscount Milton until 1756, was a British Whig statesman of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Milton therefore asked Fitzwilliam to support reform which would strengthen the Whig aristocracy.
Whig and James
By contrast, the British press were jubilant ; many newspapers sought to portray the battle as a victory for Britain over anarchy, and the success was used to attack the supposedly pro-republican Whig politicians Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
* August 27 – James Burgh, British Whig politician and writer ( b. 1714 )
In the United States presidential election of 1844, Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.
Both parties began as loose groupings or tendencies, but became quite formal by 1784, with the ascension of Charles James Fox as the leader of a reconstituted " Whig " party ranged against the governing party of the new " Tories " under William Pitt the Younger.
The term ' Whig ' entered English political discourse during the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 – 1681 when there was controversy about whether or not King Charles II's brother, James, should be allowed to succeed to the throne on Charles's death.
' Whig ' was a term of abuse applied to those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic.
The colours of the Whig party were particularly associated with Charles James Fox.
G. Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782 – 1794, ( 1971 )
Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were killed or forced into exile.
* James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl ( 1690 – 1764 ), Whig MP and lord of the Isle of Man, 1736 – 1764
The victory of James K. Polk ( Democrat ) over Henry Clay ( Whig ) in the 1844 presidential election had caught the southern Whigs by surprise.
Democrat James K. Polk was elected President in 1844 over Whig Party ( United States ) Henry Clay, a high tariff advocate.
The South Front of Chatsworth from Colen Campbell's Vitruvius Britannicus. The 4th Earl of Devonshire, who was to become the 1st Duke in 1694, was an advanced Whig and was forced to retire to Chatsworth during the reign of James II.
The new King, George I and the Prince of Wales both had significant holdings in the company as did some prominent Whig politicians, including James Cragg, the Earl of Halifax and Sir Joseph Jekyll.
The first to be so called — by Whig historians — was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy was established.
The Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.
* The 18th century Whig radical Charles James Fox preferred faro to any other game, as did 19th-century American con man Soapy Smith.
Nash was a dedicated Whig and was a friend of Charles James Fox through whom Nash probably came to the attention of the Prince Regent ( later King George IV ).
* James Sprigg, Whig U. S. congressman from Kentucky, 1841 – 1843
Under Durell, the future statesman Charles James Fox matriculated in 1764 ( Hertford, unusually for Oxford, was a Whig College ).
Although it was not used as his main residence, his wife Georgiana Spencer, a prominent but controversial figure in fashion and politics whom he married in 1774, used the house as a retreat and as a Whig stronghold for many years, being the place of death of Charles James Fox in 1806.
She was involved in promoting Charles James Fox ( who died in the Bed Chamber of the Villa in 1806 ) and his Whig party.
Lady Burlington died in this bedchamber in 1758, as did the Whig leader Charles James Fox in 1806.
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