In modern English there are several conventions for abbreviations, and the choice may be confusing.

Furthermore, in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1, a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy ; Grade 2, an addition of abbreviations and contractions ; and Grade 3, various non-standardized personal shorthands.

Bede dedicated this work to Cuthbert, apparently a student, for he is named " beloved son " in the dedication, and Bede says " I have laboured to educate you in divine letters and ecclesiastical statutes " Another textbook of Bede's is the De orthographia, a work on orthography, designed to help a medieval reader of Latin with unfamiliar abbreviations and words from classical Latin works.

Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought.

This can serve to apply the correct conventions used for alphabetical ordering in the language in question, dealing properly with differently cased letters, modified letters, digraphs, particular abbreviations and so on, as mentioned above under Alphabetical order, and in detail in the Alphabetical order article.

The Joint Technical Language Service ( JTLS ) was established in 1955, drawing on members of the small Ministry of Defence technical language team and others, initially to provide standard English translations for organisational expressions in any foreign language, discover the correct English equivalents of technical terms in foreign languages and discover the correct expansions of abbreviations in any language.

It is a similar case with S1, S2, and S3, those being three different abbreviations, standing for the following descriptions:

The traditional abbreviations are MS for manuscript and MSS for manuscripts.

These specific monosaccharide names have conventional three-letter abbreviations, like ' Glu ' for glucose and ' Thr ' for threose.

More useful still are systems which employ special abbreviations for repetitions of symbols ; for example, using the first nine letters of the alphabet for these abbreviations, with A standing for " one occurrence ", B " two occurrences ", and so on, one could then write C + D / for the number 304.

This book had enjoyed considerable success in the 1520s, when it went through half a dozen editions ( see External links below for facsimiles and translations ) but did not sustain its influence, perhaps owing to its mostly Latin text, Gothic script and many difficult abbreviations.

: Note the difference in the style of the subscripts: k and p are abbreviations of the words kinetic and potential, whereas p ( italic ) is the symbol for the physical quantity pressure rather than an abbreviation of the word " pressure ".

* Concise syntax for expressions, declarations and statements-with permitted abbreviations.

Common abbreviations for " regular expression " include regex and regexp.

All 128 ASCII characters, including non-printable characters ( represented by their abbreviations ). The 95 ASCII graphic characters are numbered from 20 < sub > hexadecimal | hex </ sub > to 7E < sub > hexadecimal | hex </ sub > ( decimal 32 to 126 ).

In this article and other discussions of the Axiom of Choice the following abbreviations are common:

In strict analysis, abbreviations should not be confused with contractions or acronyms ( including initialisms ), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term " abbreviation " in loose parlance. An abbreviation is a shortening by any method ; a contraction is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts.

However, normally, acronyms are regarded as a subgroup of abbreviations ( e. g. by the Council of Science Editors ).

Commonly used statistics with their abbreviations are explained here.

The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D / RNA molecule:

In this typographical system chemical symbols are not used as mere abbreviations – though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet – they are symbols intended to be used by peoples of all languages and alphabets.

The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.

In the United Kingdom, it is increasingly common to omit punctuations from abbreviations that are not truncations: while the usual abbreviation of " Esquire " is " Esq.

Gajadhar and Green comment that both Morse code abbreviations are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as LOL.

Although written in Greek, by convention the works are referred to by Latin titles, and often by merely abbreviations of those.

It is important to understand that hull number letter prefixes are not acronyms, and should not be carelessly treated as abbreviations of ship type classifications.

Acronyms, keyboard symbols and abbreviations are common types of Internet slang.

Sentence boundaries are often marked by periods or other punctuation marks, but these same characters can serve other purposes ( e. g. marking abbreviations ).

The transcriptions are edited, with abbreviations written out and some punctuation and word boundaries inserted.

Sometimes, when additional points are made after the first postscript, abbreviations such as PPS ( post-post-scriptum, or postquam-post-scriptum ) and PPPS ( post-post-post-scriptum, and so on, ad infinitum ) are used, though only PPS has somewhat common usage.

Its symbol Ac is also used in abbreviations of other compounds that have nothing to do with actinium, such as acetyl, acetate and sometimes acetaldehyde.

Second, scribes often used many abbreviations, usually so as to write more quickly and sometimes to save space, so the specialist-palaeographer must know how to interpret them.

The principal surviving literary sources are Dio Cassius ( a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer, but for this reign, only transmitted in fragments and abbreviations ), Herodian and the Historia Augusta ( untrustworthy for its character as a work of literature rather than history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies ; in the case of Commodus, it may well be embroidering upon what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources ).

Other abbreviations are rarer, but sometimes seen.

More recently established universities also use Latin abbreviations, especially when they share the name of an episcopal see, in which case they sometimes use the same abbreviation that the bishop uses for his signature.

" Speculative fiction " is sometimes abbreviated " spec-fic ", " specfic ", " S-F ", " SF ", or " sf " but these last three abbreviations are ambiguous as they have long been used to refer to science fiction, which lies within this general range of literature, and in several other abbreviations.

It is usually labeled < tt > Ctrl </ tt > ( but sometimes < tt > Control </ tt > or < tt > Ctl </ tt > is seen ) on keyboards which use English abbreviations for key labeling.

The abbreviations SR and SRe are sometimes used.

The abbreviations " CLS " and " Crit " are sometimes used to refer to the movement and its adherents.

In job advertisements and descriptions, the fact that the employer is an equal opportunity employer is sometimes indicated by the abbreviations EOE or MFDV which stands for Minority, Female, Disabled, Veteran.

When abbreviations are used, it is sometimes desired to expand the abbreviations for sorting.

It is sometimes pronounced, but it, and variants such as " Xtemass ", originated as handwriting abbreviations for the typical pronunciation.

Historically, reporters often created " briefs " ( abbreviations ) on-the-fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporter's notes ; but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using a standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that company's dictionary.

* X, sometimes used in acronyms and other abbreviations to represent the word " cross "

This category exists to combine the sometimes bewildering array of abbreviations associated with XML technology, not all of which are endorsed by the same organisations.