At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero (- 18 ° C ), as was the case in the remarkable cold wave of the 12th-13 February 1899, when an absolute minimum of-17 ° F (- 29 ° C ) was registered at Valley Head.

Some contended an absolute minimum temperature occurred within earth ( as one of the four so-called " elements "), others within water, others air, and some more recently within nitre.

A succinct data structure is one which takes the absolute minimum possible space, as established by information theoretical lower bounds.

The absolute minimum temperature is, recorded during January 1984.

This is especially pronounced due to its location far from any sizeable landmass-Fair Isle has the smallest overall temperature range ( least continental ) of any Weather Station in the British Isles-an absolute maximum of and an absolute minimum of since 1951.

Worldwide population estimates are uncertain, but recent consensus suggests an absolute minimum of 50, 000.

She found that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased the absolute teenage employment by 0. 6 %, with no effect on the teen or young adult unemployment rates.

If the constituency is in a jurisdiction using PR-STV in its MMDs, an absolute majority of 50 % plus 1 will likely be the minimum required for victory ( depending on which quota is used ) so that the election in the SMD is by the alternative vote.

* Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.

An impedance mismatch can be also quantified with the standing wave ratio ( SWR or VSWR for voltage ), which is connected to the impedance ratio and reflection coefficient by:, where are the minimum and maximum values of the voltage absolute value, and the VSWR is the voltage standing wave ratio, which value of 1 denotes full transmission, without reflection and thus no standing wave, while very large values mean high reflection and standing wave pattern.

Another development was in cryogenics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( 1913 Nobel prize winner in physics ) liquefied helium for the first time ( 1908 ) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum.

In the 21st century, the Sélignac Charterhouse was converted into a house in which lay people could come and experience Carthusian retreats, living the Carthusian life for shorter periods ( an eight day retreat being fixed as the absolute minimum, in order to enter at least somewhat into the silent rhythm of the charterhouse ).

Most dairy farmers milk their cows with absolute regularity at a minimum of twice a day, with some high-producing herds milking up to four times a day to lessen the weight of large volumes of milk in the udder of the cow.

Absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 42. 5 ° C, while absolute minimum ever recorded was 0 ° C.

However doctrine holds that the State has an absolute duty to provide a minimum of legal aid.

The average annual temperature is 11. 5 ° C, with an absolute minimum in December of-14 ° C and maximum in August of 39 ° C.

Sources have estimated that 165, 000 South Vietnamese died in the re-education camps out of 1-2. 5 million sent, while the number executed could have been as high as 200, 000 ( Jacqueline Desbarats estimates an absolute minimum of 100, 000 executions ).

The uncertainty principle requires every physical system to have a zero-point energy greater than the minimum of its classical potential well, even at absolute zero.

The absolute maximum temperature was measured in July + 41. 4C and absolute minimum was measured on 10 February 1929.

If more than one stable equilibrium state is possible for a system, any equilibria whose potential energy is higher than the absolute minimum represent metastable states.

Daguerreotypes other than portraits, such as landscape or architectural views, are very rare and may safely be valued from an absolute minimum of US $ 500 steeply upward unless severely damaged or exceptionally uninteresting.

Tong was not asked to rejoin, so as to keep the internal issues that split the band up a decade ago to an absolute minimum.

The antenna patterns and the power gain at the peak of the beam were both measured ( Mayer, McCullough, and Sloanaker, 1958 ), so that the absolute power sensitivity of the antenna beam over the solid angle of the moon was known.

The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

A system at absolute zero still possesses quantum mechanical zero-point energy, the energy of its ground state.

The zero point of any thermodynamic temperature scale, such as Kelvin or Rankine, is set at absolute zero.

Max Planck's strong form of the third law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a perfect crystal vanishes at absolute zero.

In fact, all specific heats vanish at absolute zero, not just those of crystals.

One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas.

The electrons, being Fermions, have to be in different quantum states, which leads the electrons to get very high typical velocities, even at absolute zero.

The maximum energy that an electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy.

For temperatures significantly below the Fermi temperature, the electrons behave in almost the same way as at absolute zero.

Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms at a temperature within a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

" Ever since the time of my ancestor Ali, the first Imam, that is to say over a period of thirteen hundred years, it has always been the tradition of our family that each Imam chooses his successor at his absolute and unfettered discretion from amongst any of his descendants, whether they be sons or remote male issue and in these circumstances and in view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes which have taken place including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interest of the Shia Muslim Ismailia Community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age and who brings a new outlook on life to his office as Imam.

The absolute magnitude is then equivalent to the apparent magnitude an object would have if it were at a standard luminosity distance ( 10 parsecs ) away from the observer, in the absence of astronomical extinction.

So a quasar at an absolute magnitude of − 25. 5 is 100 times brighter than our galaxy ( because ( 10 < sup > 0. 4 </ sup >)< sup >(− 20. 5 -(− 25. 5 ))</ sup >

For galaxies ( which are of course themselves much larger than 10 parsecs, and whose overall brightness cannot be directly observed from relatively short distances ) the absolute magnitude is defined by reference to the apparent brightness of a point-like or star-like source of the same total luminosity as the galaxy, as it would appear if observed at the standard 10 parsecs distance.

The dimmer an object ( at a distance of 10 parsecs ) would appear, the higher ( more positive ) its absolute magnitude becomes.

The Sun's absolute bolometric magnitude is set arbitrarily, usually at 4. 75.

German and British thinkers emphasised beauty as the key component of art and of the aesthetic experience, and saw art as necessarily aiming at absolute beauty.

This classification is not absolute ; at different times different countries will classify the same vehicle in different roles.

It was reserved for his biographer Karl Benrath to justify him, and to represent him as a fervent evangelist and at the same time as a speculative thinker with a passion for free inquiry, always learning and unlearning and arguing out difficult questions with himself in his dialogues, frequently without attaining to any absolute conviction.

These arguments, and a discussion of the distinctions between absolute and relative time, space, place and motion, appear in a Scholium at the very beginning of Newton's work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ( 1687 ), which established the foundations of classical mechanics and introduced his law of universal gravitation, which yielded the first quantitatively adequate dynamical explanation of planetary motion.

Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it has only a boiling point, and not a melting point, in conventional presentations.

Before the 2008 elections in Bavaria, the CSU perennially achieved absolute majorities at the state level by itself.