The core ideas of the Big Bang — the expansion, the early hot state, the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies — are derived from many observations that are independent from any cosmological model ; these include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia supernovae.

The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflect their common production in such stars, after the lighter gaseous elements and their compounds have been subtracted.

The following graph ( note log scale ) shows abundance of elements in our solar system.

The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars.

Beginning with carbon, elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles ( helium nuclei ), resulting in an alternatingly-larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers ( these are also more stable ).

The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life.

The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: ( 1 ) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers, and ( 2 ) a general decrease in abundance, as elements become heavier.

As with the isotopes of other elements, a variety of processes fractionate, or alter the relative abundance of, calcium isotopes.

Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust.

The cycle of stellar birth and death slowly increases the abundance of heavy elements, eventually allowing the formation of planets.

Its abundance in the Earth crust is about 38 mg / kg, which is the second highest among rare-earth elements, following cerium.

This has some consequences on nucleosynthesis and the abundance of the chemical elements.

For the density of the observable universe of about 4. 6 × 10 < sup >− 28 </ sup > kg / m < sup > 3 </ sup > and given the known abundance of the chemical elements, the corresponding maximal radiation energy density of 9. 2 × 10 < sup >− 31 </ sup > kg / m < sup > 3 </ sup >, i. e. temperature 3. 2K.

As this is part of the alpha process that produces elements in abundance, sulfur is the 10th most common element in the universe.

This may produce a noticeable effect on the abundance of elements and isotopes ejected in the subsequent supernova.

These characteristic X-rays are used to identify the composition and measure the abundance of elements in the sample.

For synthetic elements, the isotope depends on the means of synthesis, so the concept of natural isotope abundance has no meaning.

The abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated at 0. 2 to 0. 5 parts per million, comparable to thallium at 0. 5 parts per million and silver at 0. 07 ppm.

Their awareness of the Earth's surface and abundance of practical skills provided colonisers with a knowledge that, in turn, created power.

The natural abundance of hydrogen ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >) in the Earth's atmosphere is only on the order of parts per million, but H < sub > 2 </ sub > is, in fact, the most abundant diatomic molecule in nature.

Its estimated abundance in the Earth's crust is 1. 3 mg / kg.

The diversity and abundance of mineral species is controlled by the Earth's chemistry.

Atomic mass for natural life is based on weighted average abundance of natural isotopes that occur in the Earth's crust and atmosphere.

The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg / kg.

There is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospace seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups.

Because of their strong affinity for oxygen, most lithophile elements are enriched in the Earth's crust relative to their abundance in the solar system.

Iridium is the rarest transition metal occurring within the Earth's crust, with an abundance by mass of less than one part per billion.

Although no chalcophile element is of high abundance in the Earth's crust, chalcophile elements constitute the bulk of commercially important metals.

This is an attractive hypothesis because of the abundance of CH < sub > 4 </ sub > ( methane ) and NH < sub > 3 </ sub > ( ammonia ) present in hydrothermal vent regions, a condition that was not provided by the Earth's primitive atmosphere.

The Broad Survey would have looked at approximately 1, 500 stars to help determine the abundance of Neptune-mass and larger planets around all star-types in Earth's sector of the Milky Way.

Earth's surface was probably broken up into many small plates with volcanic islands and arcs in great abundance.

The Ymir begins to grow at a prodigious rate due to the abundance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.

Iodine is a micronutrient and dietary mineral that is naturally present in the food supply in some regions, especially near sea coasts, but is generally quite rare in the Earth's crust, since iodine is a so-called " heavy " element ( with the highest atomic mass of any element needed by mammals for life ), and abundance of chemical elements generally declines with greater atomic mass.

He is mainly remembered for his scheme of plant strategies to survive an unfavourable season (" life forms ") and his demonstration that the relative abundance of strategies in floras largely corresponded to the Earth's climatic zones.

The abundance in the earth crust is about 6. 2 mg / kg.

Its abundance in the Earth crust is 0. 5 mg / kg.

* There is an abundance of 90 + rated kickers and punters in the NFL Draft in Franchise Mode and less players rated at any other position and draft talent differs from year to year.

The 32 C Minor Variations with which he opened moved fluently yet logically from one to another, leaving the right impression of abundance under discipline.

Amethyst is produced in abundance from the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil where it occurs in large geodes within volcanic rocks.

Furthermore, biodiversity required a substantial amount of time to recover from the K – T event, despite the probable existence of an abundance of vacant ecological niches.

There is an abundance of autobiographical information on Goldoni, most of which comes from the introductions to his plays and from his Memoirs.

He emphasized the vast abundance of knowledge held within each subject with intricacies and details to provide the greatest amount of knowledge to be gained from the subject.

Global oceanic and terrestrial phototroph abundance, from September 1997 to August 2000.

It has been suggested that the apparent variations in marine biodiversity may actually be an artifact, with abundance estimates directly related to quantity of rock available for sampling from different time periods.

In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter used a genetic approach to estimate prewhaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76, 000 – 118, 000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.

Although the archaeological site at Harappa was damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad ( as part of the Sind and Punjab Railway ), used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts has nevertheless been found.

The abundance of helium-3 is thought to be greater on the Moon ( embedded in the upper layer of regolith by the solar wind over billions of years ), though still low in quantity ( 28 ppm of lunar regolith is helium-4 and from one ppb to 50 ppb is helium-3 )< ref name =" F. H. Cocks 2010 ">, and the solar system's gas giants ( left over from the original solar nebula ).

Starting in the mid-1970s the Islamic resurgence was funded by an abundance of money from Saudi Arabian oil exports.

It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's " wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence " " in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind.

As William of Tyre put it, it was hoped that Manuel would be able " to relieve from his own abundance the distress under which our realm was suffering and to change our poverty into superabundance ".

The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon ( which in turn is made from three helium nuclei ).