In high southern hemisphere latitudes, such as New Zealand and Antarctica the mass die-off of flora caused no significant turnover in species, but dramatic and short-term changes in the relative abundance of plant groups.

Nonetheless, the nobility and general Frankish population were noted for the high literacy: lawyers and clerks were in abundance, and the study of law, history, and other academic subjects was a beloved pastime of the royal family and the nobility.

In the interstellar medium, sodium is identified by the D line ; though it has a high vaporization temperature, its abundance allowed it to be detected by Mariner 10 in Mercury's atmosphere.

As would be expected by its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common.

Flax seeds contain high levels of dietary fiber as well as lignans, an abundance of micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids ( table ).

Chandra X-ray spectra show that the hot gas shell on the upper left contains a high abundance of iron.

By June, they may be found off Massachusetts ; in years of high abundance, stragglers may be found as far north as Nova Scotia.

Quasiequilibrium can be thought of as almost equilibrium except for a high abundance of the < sup > 28 </ sup > Si nucleus in the feverishly burning mix.

The abundance of all those species increases toward the south and indicates high sea productivity that accounts for the large fish production in the sea.

In Pliny's time, 49 independent communities still existed in Umbria, and the abundance of inscriptions and the high proportion of recruits in the imperial army attest to its population.

There is an abundance of high quality white marble both on the mainland and islands, particularly Paros and Naxos.

The scarcity of labour and abundance of land induced a high marginal product of labour.

This intricate canyon system features an abundance of high sandstone cliffs, rock shelters, waterfalls, and natural bridges.

Blackberries have a high abundance of healthy antioxidants and nutrients such as anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and fibre.

Diving mammals such as whales and seals have muscles with particularly high myoglobin abundance.

Navassa is situated with an abundance of waterways, high dry land ( 25 ’ above sea level ), railway access, close proximity to Wilmington ( 5 miles ), large single tracts of affordable land with available infrastructure, and a local government that encourages economic development.

Relative to our Sun, β Tauri is notable for a high abundance of manganese, but little calcium and magnesium.

* Molluscs-Seasonal rainfall patterns of the Western Ghats necessitate a period of dormancy for its land snails, resulting in their high abundance and diversity including at least 258 species of gastropods from 57 genera and 24 families.

In countries with an abundance of capital, wage rates tend to be high ; therefore, labor-intensive products, e. g. textiles, simple electronics, etc., are more costly to produce internally.

Owing to their location along the Pacific shelf edge and the confluence of Okhotsk Sea gyre and the southward Oyashio Current, the Kuril islands are surrounded by waters that are among the most productive in the North Pacific, supporting a wide range and high abundance of marine life.

Their high abundance is a testament to the extreme success of Antarctic krill, the single species with the greatest biomass on the planet.

The resulting runoff contains high levels of fertilizers which leads to nutrient abundance in both lakes.

Older model ThinkPads are revered by technology enthusiasts, collectors and power users due to their durable design, relatively high resale value, and abundance of aftermarket replacement parts.

Covey contends that the abundance mentality arises from having a high self-worth and security ( see Habits 1, 2, and 3 ), and leads to the sharing of profits, recognition and responsibility.

The dissolved oxygen in the aeration unit was consistently high until January 29, 1961.

To enable sufficient cutaneous respiration, the surface of their highly vascularized skin must remain moist in order to allow the oxygen to diffuse at a sufficiently high rate.

Because oxygen concentration in the water increases at both low temperatures and high flow rates, aquatic amphibians in these situations can rely primarily on cutaneous respiration, as in the Titicaca water frog and the hellbender salamander.

The latter flame, in addition, offers a more reducing environment, being ideally suited for analytes with high affinity to oxygen. A laboratory flame photometer that uses a propane operated flame atomizer

Since Lavoisier's knowledge of strong acids was mainly restricted to oxoacids, such as ( nitric acid ) and ( sulphuric acid ), which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen, and since he was not aware of the true composition of the hydrohalic acids ( HF, HCl, HBr, and HI ), he defined acids in terms of their containing oxygen, which in fact he named from Greek words meaning " acid-former " ( from the Greek οξυς ( oxys ) meaning " acid " or " sharp " and γεινομαι ( geinomai ) meaning " engender ").

In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, reactive oxygen species are also produced during photosynthesis, particularly under conditions of high light intensity.

They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen.

The extensive burial of biologically-produced carbon led to a buildup of surplus oxygen in the atmosphere ; estimates place the peak oxygen content as high as 35 %, compared to 21 % today.

Combustion in oxygen is a chain reaction where many distinct radical intermediates participate. The high energy required for initiation is explained by the unusual structure of the dioxygen molecule.

For example, periods of high oxygen concentrations determined from ice core samples have been associated with fauna of a larger scale in the fossil record, while periods of low oxygen concentrations have been associated with fauna of a smaller scale in the fossil record.

Such industrial fractionating towers are also used in air separation, producing liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, and high purity argon.

The region has weakened ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ), and an atmosphere characterized by a high oxygen content due to the high barometric pressure.

It is possible to experience hypoxia and have a low oxygen content ( e. g., due to anemia ) but maintain high oxygen partial pressure ( pO < sub > 2 </ sub >).

Low partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen such as found at high altitude or by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.

At 4000 m, raising the oxygen concentration level by 5 percent via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an altitude equivalent of 3000 m, which is much more tolerable for the increasing number of low-landers who work in high altitude.

Various factors such as low pH, high CO < sub > 2 </ sub > and high 2, 3 BPG at the level of the tissues favor the taut form, which has low oxygen affinity and releases oxygen in the tissues.

During further process steps that occur at high temperature, the impurities may diffuse from the oxide into adjacent layers ( most notably silicon ) and dope them.

Before the development of silicon power rectifier diodes, cuprous oxide and later selenium was used ; its low efficiency gave it a much higher forward voltage drop ( typically 1. 4 to 1. 7 V per " cell ", with multiple cells stacked to increase the peak inverse voltage rating in high voltage rectifiers ), and required a large heat sink ( often an extension of the diode ’ s metal substrate ), much larger than a silicon diode of the same current ratings would require.

One prominent method for preparing silicon on insulator ( SOI ) substrates from conventional silicon substrates is the SIMOX ( Separation by IMplantation of OXygen ) process, wherein a buried high dose oxygen implant is converted to silicon oxide by a high temperature annealing process.

and 2002, processes for growing gallium nitride ( GaN ) LEDs on silicon were successfully demonstrated, yielding high power LEDs reported in January 2012.

Bare uncoated semiconductors such as silicon exhibit a very high refractive index relative to open air, which prevents passage of photons at sharp angles relative to the air-contacting surface of the semiconductor.

While metals do not have some of the advantages displayed by silicon in terms of mechanical properties, when used within their limitations, metals can exhibit very high degrees of reliability.

Its etch selectivity to silicon is very high, allowing it to work with photoresist, SiO < sub > 2 </ sub >, silicon nitride, and various metals for masking.

The semiconducting element silicon may also be used but germanium is preferred, as its higher atomic number makes it more efficient at stopping and detecting high energy gamma rays.

Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor ( silicon is used to create most semiconductors commercially ) and computer industries that were concentrated in the area.

With a relatively high thermal conductivity of 149 W · m < sup >− 1 </ sup >· K < sup >− 1 </ sup >, silicon conducts heat well and as a result is not often used to insulate hot objects.

Thus, a particular transistor may be described as silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch.

* Vacuum channel transistor: In 2012, NASA and the National Nanofab Center in South Korea were reported to have built a prototype vacuum channel transistor in only 150 nanometers in size, can be manufactured cheaply using standard silicon semiconductor processing, can operate at high speeds even in hostile environments, and could consume just as much power as a standard transistor.

Transformers for use at power or audio frequencies typically have cores made of high permeability silicon steel.

As of 2012, researchers have demonstrated that Ohm's law works for silicon wires as small as four atoms wide, and one atom high.

Too low reaction temperature ( e. g. when producing silicon from sand ) can be boosted with addition of a suitable oxidizer ( e. g. sulfur in aluminium-sulfur-sand compositions ), too high temperatures can be reduced by using a suitable coolant and / or slag flux.

These are high purity pig irons and depending on the grade of ductile iron being produced these pig irons may be low in the elements silicon, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus.

Because of the limited space available and the requirements for low weight, the payload instrumentation was designed and built with simplicity and high reliability in mind, using transistor electronics, consisting of both germanium and silicon devices.