See, e. g., Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, ( giving federal courts the authority to fashion common law rules with respect to issues of federal power, in this case negotiable instruments backed by the federal government ); see also International News Service v. Associated Press, 248 U. S. 215 ( 1918 ) ( creating a cause of action for misappropriation of " hot news " that lacks any statutory grounding, but that is one of the handful of federal common law actions that survives today ); National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F. 3d 841, 843-44, 853 ( 2d Cir.

First, Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that " if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act.

In the United States federal courts, class actions are governed by Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 23 and 28 U. S. C. A.

It is not like class actions in the United Statesit only applies to parties who have already filed suit and does not allow a claim to be brought in the name of an unknown group of claimants.

" The United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reviewed the NSA's actions to determine whether there had been any improper involvement.

The constitution does permit the Governor to act without the consulting the Executive Council and even go against its instructions, but in both cases the Governor must immediately inform the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in the United Kingdom, who can overrule the Governor's actions.

However, due to the stance taken by the United Nations and the Organization of American States on use of military force to depose a president, most countries in the region and in the world continued to recognize Zelaya as the President of Honduras and denounced the actions as an assault on democracy.

Although no severe actions were initially taken to repress the Separatists, the group began to consider emigration to France or the United States.

* Qualified immunity, in the United States, immunity of individuals performing tasks as part of the government's actions

British soldiers and officials, United Nations personnel, Palestinian Arab fighters and civilians, and Jewish fighters and civilians were targets or victims of these actions.

Because Hoover's actions came to be seen as an abuse of power, FBI directors are now limited to one 10-year term, subject to extension by the United States Senate.

In the United States, a civil action is a lawsuit ; civil law is the branch of common law dealing with non-criminal actions.

Mozambique's decision to enforce United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia and deny that country access to the sea led Ian Smith's regime to undertake overt and covert actions to destabilize the country.

United States v. Microsoft was a set of civil actions filed against Microsoft Corporation pursuant to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Sections 1 and 2 on May 18, 1998 by the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) and 20 states.

Leftist critics usually argued that the United States itself created a " moral equivalence " when some of its actions, such as President Ronald Reagan's support for the Contra insurgency against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, put it on the same level of immorality as the Soviet Union.

:( a ) That the United States, in recruiting, training, arming, equipping, financing, supplying and otherwise encouraging, supporting, aiding, and directing military and paramilitary actions in and against Nicaragua, had violated its treaty obligations to Nicaragua under:

Nicaragua demanded that all such actions cease and that the United States had an obligation to pay reparations to the government for damage to their people, property, and economy.

The U. S. argued that its actions were " primarily for the benefit of El Salvador, and to help it to respond to an alleged armed attack by Nicaragua, that the United States claims to be exercising a right of collective self-defense, which it regards as a justification of its own conduct towards Nicaragua.

" proposed in January 2007 that the United States rededicate itself to the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons, concluding: " We endorse setting the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons and working energetically on the actions required to achieve that goal.

This head-of-state immunity, recognized by the United States, must be distinguished from that envisaged under the United States ' Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which, while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in American courts, lays down nine exceptions, including commercial activity and actions in the United States by agents or employees of the foreign governments.

" That is, Puerto Rico has no recourse to challenge unilateral actions by the United States government that affect citizens of Puerto Rico.

After the war, the League of Nations held the East Prussian plebiscite on 11 July 1920 to determine if the people of the southern districts of East Prussia wanted to remain within East Prussia or to join the Second Polish Republic. The German side terrorized the local population before the plebiscite using violence, Polish organisations and activists were harassed by German militias, and those actions included attacks and murder of Polish activists ; Masurs who supported voting for Poland were singled out and subjected to terror and repressions

These South African actions gave rise to several rulings at the International Court of Justice, which in 1950 ruled that South Africa was not obliged to convert South-West Africa into a UN trust territory, but was still bound by the League of Nations Mandate with the United Nations General Assembly assuming the supervisory role.

The United Nations ' Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that " Land use concerns the products and / or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions ( activities ) carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits.

The Charter of the United Nations ( Article 13, 14, 15 ) makes actions of the General Assembly advisory to the Security Council.

* United Nations actions regarding Iraq

" Other awards she has received include the Global 500 Award of the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) in 1993, and the Earth Day International Award of the United Nations ( UN ) for her dedicated commitment to the preservation of the planet as demonstrated by her actions, leadership and by setting an example for the rest of the world.

" The actual decision is left to the United Nations Organization Mars Authority ( UNOMA ), which greenlights terraforming, and a series of actions get underway, including the drilling of " moholes " to release subsurface heat ; thickening of the atmosphere according to a complicated bio-chemical formula that comes to be known as the " Russell cocktail " after Sax Russell ; and the detonation of nuclear explosions deep in the sub-surface permafrost to release water.

More information is found in United Nations actions regarding Iraq.

Amnesty International condemned these actions, and claimed that they were likely a violation of the 1984 United Nations Convention Against Torture.

Brian Urquhart — who had done so much to warn his superiors about the dangers of Arnhem and later became Undersecretary-General of the United Nations — described the British general's actions as both grotesque and shameful.

His personal concern for his troops, aggressive actions in ground surveillance, and presence in the forward areas inspired his units to a high degree of efficiency and contributed materially to the United Nations effort in Korea.

While NATO did not have the backing of the United Nations Security Council to use force in Yugoslavia, nor claims an armed attack occurred against another state, its advocates contend that its actions were consistent with the United Nations Charter, claiming that the UN Charter prohibits unprovoked attacks only by individual states but condones unprovoked attacks by military coalitions of several states, such as NATO.

* United Nations actions regarding Iraq

His actions during the nation-wide strike, his advancement of membership in the League of Nations, and his weak position in the Vorarlberg question resulted in a meager count of votes for Calonder's reconfirmation by the Federal Assembly in December 1919.

In 1985, Israel honored him as Righteous Among the Nations for his actions.

The United Nations has issued Security Council Resolutions that declared some wars to be legal actions under international law, most notably Resolution 678, authorizing the Gulf War in Iraq in 1991.

The actions of the government forces in Đakovica formed a major part of the United Nations war crimes indictment of the then-President Slobodan Milošević.

The WJC lobbies international organizations, notably the United Nations, to ensure that governments “ apply the same standards to Israel when judging its actions compared with those of other countries .” The WJC states on its website that “ Israel should not be singled out for criticism by countries which do not themselves adhere to the principles of democracy, human rights and the rule of law ” and that “ Israel needs to be treated fairly in international organizations, especially in United Nations bodies such as the UN Human Rights Council .”

Force be caught or killed, the Secretary will disavow any knowledge of your actions.

In 2001, Stephen Byers, then Secretary of State for Transport, was forced to resign because of the actions of his special adviser Jo Moore, who instructed a departmental civil servant, Martin Sixsmith, that September 11th 2001 would be " a good day to bury bad news "; this was seen as inappropriate political manipulation of the Civil Service.

On an aircraft carrier entering San Diego Harbor, Admiral Hammond, in the name of the Secretary of the Navy, awards Petty Officer Second Class Joseph Brady ( Gene Kelly ) and Seaman Clarence Doolittle ( Frank Sinatra ) Silver Stars for actions on the USS Knoxville.

In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House.

The Secretary General is responsible for proposing priority areas for multilateral Francophonie actions.

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, Bethmann Hollweg and Foreign Secretary Gottlieb von Jagow were instrumental in assuring Austria of Germany's unconditional support regardless of Austria's actions against Serbia.

Bradley also suggested that official Navy protests of Secretary Johnson's actions in cancelling construction of its supercarrier, the USS United States were due to improper personal or political, even mutinous motives, calling Navy admirals " fancy dans who won't hit the line with all they have on every play unless they can call the signals ", and who were in " open rebellion against the civilian control.

Secretary Chase had become Chief Justice of the United States and a Democrat, and spearheaded the decision invalidating his own actions during the war.

He was commended in a letter signed by the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on April 1, 1942, and the next day CBS radio broadcast an episode of the series, " They Live Forever ", which dramatized Miller's actions.

This initial determination was made the by Secretary of Urbanism and Environment, with further refinements to be made as the municipal presidents of these entities meets to discuss limits, strategies and further actions.

His actions led to an appointment as the Secretary of War in the interim Texian government.

FitzRoy's report was endorsed by Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley, who said the actions of the party led by Thompson and Wakefield had been " manifestly illegal, unjust and unwise ", and that their deaths had occurred as a " natural and immediate sequence ".

The British government did not approve of the actions of Sir Benjamin d ' Urban, and the British Secretary for the Colonies, Lord Glenelg, declared in a letter to the King that " the great evil of the Cape Colony consists in its magnitude " and demanded that the boundary be moved back to the Fish River.

In March 2000, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright stated her regret that Mosaddegh was ousted: " The Eisenhower administration believed its actions were justified for strategic reasons.

It is believed that Straw's public opposition to potential military actions in Iran during his tenure as Foreign Secretary was one of the main reasons behind his demotion.

Juan Demosthenes Arosemena was the governor of the province of Colon, and was concerned about the information he had supplied the mayor of San Blas, Andrés Mojica, on a course between the indigenous independence movement, so we decided to tell the Foreign Secretary Horacio F. Alfaro, to follow closely the actions of Americans: Anne Coope missionary and explorer Richard Oglesby Marsh.

The Press Secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president's administration and issues the administration's reactions to developments around the world.

The Press Secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president's administration and around the world, and interacting with the media, generally in a daily press briefing.

Price, upon the formation of the People's Committee ( PC ) in 1950, was named its Assistant Secretary, and in a famous speech later that year claimed that " National Unity " propelled the PC's actions.

In November 1994, after an application for Judicial Review brought by the World Development Movement, the High Court of Justice held that the British Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd's actions were ultra vires ( ie.

On January 7, 1932, United States Secretary of State Henry Stimson proclaimed the Stimson Doctrine, stating that the United States would not recognize any government that was established as the result of Japanese actions in Manchuria.

After 1991 January events in Lithuania, then-Mayor of Kuji city Yoshiaki Kuji condemned military actions of Soviet Union by sending a protest note to the General Secretary of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev.

Following the actions of a minority of Black Bloc in vandalising allegedly tax-avoiding shops and businesses on the day of the 26 March TUC march the Home Secretary unveiled reforms curbing the right to protest, including giving police extra powers to remove masked individuals and to police social networking sites to prevent illegal protest without police consent or notification.