In common law, barratry is the offense committed by people who are “ overly officious in instigating or encouraging prosecution of groundless litigation ” or who bring “ repeated or persistent acts of litigation ” for the purposes of profit or harassment.

While difficult to generalise across jurisdictions, common criminal acts under bankruptcy statutes typically involve concealment of assets, concealment or destruction of documents, conflicts of interest, fraudulent claims, false statements or declarations, and fee fixing or redistribution arrangements.

The common law, as applied in civil cases ( as distinct from criminal cases ), was devised as a means of compensating someone for wrongful acts known as torts, including both intentional torts and torts caused by negligence, and as developing the body of law recognizing and regulating contracts.

For example, following the American Revolution in 1776, one of the first legislative acts undertaken by each of the newly independent states was to adopt a " reception statute " that gave legal effect to the existing body of English common law to the extent that American legislation or the Constitution had not explicitly rejected English law.

Indeed, these Four Freedoms were explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which reads, " Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common people ,...."

Tagging is often the example given when opponents of graffiti refer to any acts of handstyle graffiti writing ( it is by far the most common form of graffiti ).

Leaders, organisers, investigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit the crimes specified were declared responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.

That the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government ; but that, by compact, under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each state to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government ; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force ; that to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party ; that this government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself, since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers ; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.

Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.

Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic ( heritable ) basis of any phenotype which gives a reproductive advantage will become more common in a population ( see allele frequency ).

Suggesting a moral equivalence between a number of acts carried out by the Allies during the Second World War and the deeds of the Nazis, especially the Final Solution is a common strategy employed by apologists for the Nazis in Germany, such as politicians of the National Democratic Party of Germany.

Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic ( heritable ) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage will become more common in a population ( see allele frequency ).

Psychological egoism may seem at first obviously false, because there are many acts that appear to be altruistic which are common and well known, such as self-sacrifice and gratuitous help.

Kickers take on special importance in Texas hold ' em, because a common winning hand is one card in a player's hand matched with a card on the board, while the player's second card acts as a kicker.

Though the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute, protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and in more feudalist forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England.

Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement.

Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill.

The regulatory body may create, interpret, and enforce its regulations upon the common carrier ( subject to judicial review ) with independence and finality, as long as it acts within the bounds of the enabling legislation.

" One common way of performing speech acts is to use an expression which indicates one speech act, and indeed performs this act, but also performs a further speech act, which is indirect.

Each performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill.

Their cause was strengthened by the adoption of general incorporation statutes in the states in the late 19th century, most notably in New Jersey and Delaware, which allowed anyone to form corporations without any particular government grant or authorization, and thus without the government-granted monopolies that had been common in charters granted by the Crown or by acts of the legislature.

Matthäus Merian described this event in 1642 as follows :" In 1430 the Hussites from Bohemia attacked / Culmbach and Barreut / and committed great acts of cruelty / like wild animals / against the common people / and certain individuals.

As theatrical booths, circus acts and menageries were once a common part of European fairs it is likely that the roots of Polari / Parlyaree lie in the period before both theatre and circus became independent of the fairgrounds.

The final common method of credentialing is through certification by a Medical Director and permission to practice as an extension of the Medical Director's license to practice some medical acts.

Examples of common Hinokishin activities that are encouraged include cleaning public bathrooms and parks among other such acts of community service.

* Australian Securities and Investments Commission, an independent Australian government body that acts as Australia's corporate regulator

His government was a military despotism resting upon a well-appointed army ; it was administered through officials absolutely subservient to an inflexible will and controlled by a widespread system of espionage ; while the exercise of his personal authority was too often stained by acts of unnecessary cruelty.

Constitutional monarchy ( or limited monarchy ) is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution.

In many cases, such as the cabinet-directed prohibition on foreign ownership for broadcasters and the legislated principle of the predominance of Canadian content, these acts and orders often leave the CRTC less room to change policy than critics sometimes suggest, and the result is that the commission is often the lightning rod for policy criticism that could arguably be better directed at the government itself.

It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government.

A fact finding mission of 1985 – sponsored by the International Human Rights Law Group and the Washington Office on Latin America, and carried out independently of any Nicaraguan government interference or direction-found that the contras with some frequency deliberately targeted Nicaraguan citizens in acts of terroristic violence.

It disclosed a " distinct pattern " of abuses by the contras, including: " attacks on purely civilian targets resulting in the killing of unarmed men, woman, children and the elderly ; – premeditated acts of brutality including rapes, beatings, mutilations and torture ; – and individual and mass kidnappings of civilians for the purpose of forced recruitment into the Contra forces and the creation of a hostage refugee population in Honduras ; – assaults on economic and social targets such as farms, cooperatives and on vehicles carrying volunteer coffee harvesters ; – intimidation of civilians who participate or cooperate in government or community programs such as distribution of subsidized food products, education and local self-defense militias ; – and kidnapping, intimidation, and even murder of religious leaders who support the government, including priests and clergy-trained lay pastors.

The constitution states that the Emperor " shall perform only such acts in matters of state as are provided for in the Constitution and he shall not have powers related to government " ( article 4 ) and that the " advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state " ( article 3 ).

The politics of the Falkland Islands takes place in a framework of a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary representative democratic dependency as set out by the constitution, whereby the Governor exercises the duties of head of state in the absence of the monarch and the Chief Executive acts as the head of government, with an elected Legislative Assembly to propose new laws and hold the executive to account.

In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Côte d ' Ivoire was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana.

It also determined that in several instances the government was responsible for acts of genocide.

In accordance with the conventions of the Westminster system of parliamentary government, the Governor nearly always acts solely on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Victoria.

In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer of the state, possessing executive power ( hence the description of the monarch's governments in the UK Commonwealth realms as His / Her Majesty's Government ; a term indicating that all power belongs to the sovereign and the government acts on Her Majesty's behalf, not parliament's ).

The current Prime Minister of Iraq is Nouri al-Maliki, who holds most of the executive authority and appoints the Council of Ministers, which acts as a cabinet and / or government.

In Saudi Arabia, while the maximum punishment for homosexual acts is public execution, the government will generally use lesser punishments — e. g., fines, jail time, and whipping — as alternatives, unless it feels that individuals are challenging state authority by engaging in LGBT social movements.

Nehru also spoke out against the censorship acts passed by the British government in India.

If the federal government assumed such powers, its acts could be declared unconstitutional by the states.