Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Sindh headed the task of creating a massive, seamless celestial globe using a secret wax casting method in the Mughal Empire, the famous celestial globe of Muhammad Salih Tahtawi is inscribed with Arabic and Persian language | Persian inscriptions and was completed in the year 1631 during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

He claims that Copernicus arrived at the Earth's true relation to the Sun not as a consequence of following a method, but via " the greater intellectual satisfaction he derived from the celestial panorama as seen from the Sun instead of the Earth.

A second method of determining the latitude of the observer measures the angle of elevation of a celestial pole, north in the northern hemisphere.

Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea.

The equatorial coordinate system is a widely-used method of specifying the positions of celestial objects.

Gauss did not publish the method until 1809, when it appeared in volume two of his work on celestial mechanics, Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium.

That premise is the basis for the most commonly used method of celestial navigation, and is referred to as the " Altitude-Intercept Method.

There are several other methods of celestial navigation which will also provide position finding using sextant observations, such as the " Noon Sight ", and the more archaic " Lunar Distance " method.

In aerial celestial navigation, waypoints are precomputed along an aircraft's great circle route to divide the flight into rhumb lines and allow celestial fixes to be more rapidly taken using the pre-computed intercept method.

File: Islamic Celestial Globe 01. jpg | Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Sindh, headed the task of creating a massive, seamless celestial globe using a secret wax casting method in the Mughal Empire, the famous celestial globe of Muhammad Salih Tahtawi is inscribed with Arabic and Persian inscriptions and was completed in the year 1631.

For observers at moderate latitudes, who can see the sky near the celestial pole of their hemisphere better than that nearer the horizon, this may be a good reason to prefer a planisphere made with the polar azimuthal equidistant projection method.

The method of coming to these conclusions is based on the relative positions of stars, planets and other celestial bodies at various times.

Picard also developed what became the standard method for measuring the right ascension of a celestial object .< ref > Picard did not conceive the method of measuring a celestial body's right ascension by recording the time at which the body crossed the observer ’ s meridian.

A forerunner of the method of variation of a celestial body's orbital elements appeared in Euler's work in 1748, while he was studying the mutual perturbations of Jupiter and Saturn.

( It should be noted that Euler and Lagrange applied this method to nonlinear differential equations and that, instead of varying the coefficients of linear combinations of solutions to homogeneous equations, they varied the constants of the unperturbed motions of the celestial bodies.

* Motivation of method via celestial mechanics

Green later realized that this provided a natural way to create color Buddhabrot images by taking three such grayscale images, differing only by the maximum number of iterations used, and combining them into a single color image using the same method used by astronomers to create false color images of nebula and other celestial objects.

An ingenious navigation method is detailed in Viking Navigation Using the Sunstone, Polarized Light and the Horizon Board by Leif K. Karlsen.

An alternative method is to estimate the current altitude ( angle ) of the sun from navigation tables, then set the index bar to that angle on the arc, apply suitable shades only to the index mirror, and point the instrument directly at the horizon, sweeping it from side to side until a flash of the sun's rays are seen in the telescope.

In 1778, He published his method of reducing Lunar Distances for computing the longitude, still regarded as the best of several similar mathematical procedures for navigation and position-fixing in pre-chronometer days ; and used, for example, by Lewis and Clarke to measure their latitude and longitude during their exploration of the North-western United States.

These references comprise the National Airspace System's method of allowing air traffic to select routes that yield efficient point to point navigation.

In aviation, area navigation ( RNAV )— a method of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of station-referenced navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained aids, or a combination of these — relies heavily upon waypoints.

RNAV is increasingly used as the primary method of navigation for aircraft.

Mason worked throughout his life to perfect the Lunar Tables as a method of improving navigation at sea.

The method of mounting steering gear from the stern was well known in Mediterranean navigation by the time the practice appeared in Chinese ships.

* Intersection ( land navigation ), a method of obtaining a fix on an unknown position from two mapped points

Originally introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps and as a method of navigation.

He invented a method of securing buildings from fire ( which, however, proved impracticable ), the printing press and the lens which bear his name and a monochord for tuning musical instruments, suggested improvements in canal locks, made experiments in steam navigation in 1795 – 1797 and contrived two calculating machines.

Thus, the basic method of navigation using Guide was the expansion button, in which a section was replaced when selected and in which an expansion would provide additional levels of detail.

The Duke transported his coal along the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and also by packhorse, but each method was inefficient and expensive ; river transport was subject to the vagaries of river navigation, and the amount of coal packhorses could carry was limited by its relative weight.

When visual references are not available, it is necessary to use an alternative method of navigation such as dead reckoning ( typically with a compass ), radio navigation, and satellite navigation ( such as GPS ).

However, the rise in marginal product means that the workers use other means of production method, such as in loading, unloading, navigation, or around the clock continuous driving.

This method is time consuming and requires trained staff, but it has high interobserver reliability.

A direct evaluation of either summation ( above ) requires operations for an output sequence of length N. An indirect method, using transforms, can take advantage of the efficiency of the fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) to achieve much better performance.

In the case of doubling the cube, the impossibility of the construction originates from the fact that the compass and straightedge method involve first-and second-order equations, while doubling a cube requires the solution of a third-order equation.

This method of graffiti is popular amongst artists because of its swift technique that requires very little time.

The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients.

This method first requires the computation of the mean of the sample ( m )

Another method to control the inductance without any moving parts requires an additional DC current bias winding which controls the permeability of an easily saturable core material.

If the situation requires it, it is also possible to define a method to execute before ( or after ) each ( or all ) of the test methods with the ( or ) and ( or ) annotations.

Hand breeding is the most efficient method, but requires the most work on the part of the human involved.

The method requires the user to manually select, prepare and upload the data.

This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment ; the method and means by which it is to be conducted ; all inconveniences and hazards reasonable to be expected ; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.

The method is based on neutron activation and therefore requires a source of neutrons.

According to Rand, attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception requires both volition ( or the exercise of free will ) and adherence to a specific method of validation through observation, concept-formation, and the application of inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

The scientific method requires observations of nature to formulate and test hypotheses.

A criticism of this method is that " it requires two polls, and gives opportunity for intrigue of various kinds.

The index typically requires a smaller amount of computer storage, which is why some search engines only store the indexed information and not the full content of each item, and instead provide a method of navigating to the items in the search engine result page.

The common method of blending nitrox by partial pressure requires that the cylinder is in " oxygen service ", which means that the cylinder and cylinder valve have had any non-oxygen-compatible components replaced and any contamination by combustible materials removed by cleaning.

Telegraphy requires that the method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver.

This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin.

Proponents of this method argue that it makes it easier for each individual singer to hear and tune to the other parts, but it requires more independence from each singer.

Especially useful for welding thin materials, this method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality welds, but it requires significant operator skill and can only be accomplished at relatively low speeds.

The dialectical method requires focus on both at the same time.

In the dialectical method, both have something in common, and understanding of the parts requires understanding their relationship with the whole system.

A discovery may sometimes be based on earlier discoveries, collaborations or ideas, and the process of discovery requires at least the awareness that an existing concept or method can be modified or transformed.

This heating method requires the introduction of small pieces of zirconium metal.