The main difference between cluster sampling and stratified sampling is that in cluster sampling the cluster is treated as the sampling unit so analysis is done on a population of clusters ( at least in the first stage ).

In some situations, cluster analysis is only appropriate when the clusters are approximately the same size.

In numerical taxonomy, the taxonomy is exclusively based on cluster analysis and neighbor joining to best-fit numerical equations that characterize measurable traits of a number of organisms.

* A result of cluster analysis.

* An algorithm for cluster analysis, a method for statistical data analysis.

The actual data mining task is the automatic or semi-automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown interesting patterns such as groups of data records ( cluster analysis ), unusual records ( anomaly detection ) and dependencies ( association rule mining ).

As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct " hands-on " data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms ( 1950s ), decision trees ( 1960s ), and support vector machines ( 1990s ).

Currently there are 6 fully sequenced Neanderthal mitogenomes, each falling within a genetic cluster less diverse than that for humans, and mitogenome analysis in humans has statistically markedly reduced the TMRCA range so that it no longer overlaps with Neandertal / human split times.

Once the divergences between all pairs of samples have been determined, the resulting triangular matrix of differences is submitted to some form of statistical cluster analysis, and the resulting dendrogram is examined in order to see whether the samples cluster in the way that would be expected from current ideas about the taxonomy of the group, or not.

Classification of a specific cell types is often done through the use of microscopy and the analysis of molecules on the cell surface ( such as those from the cluster of differentiation family that are commonly used for this purpose in immunology ).

Using a powerful and elaborate analysis, Adams ascertained that this cluster of meteors, which belongs to the solar system, traverses an elongated ellipse in 33. 25 years, and is subject to definite perturbations from the larger planets, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus.

Genetic analysis shows that most terriers are in the " modern / hunting " genetic cluster of dog breeds developed from the same pool of ancestors in Europe in the 19th century.

* Prediction for identifying groups: Factor analysis, cluster analysis ( two-step, K-means, hierarchical ), Discriminant

Cluster analysis is the assignment of a set of observations into subsets ( called clusters ) so that observations within the same cluster are similar according to some predesignated criterion or criteria, while observations drawn from different clusters are dissimilar.

Classical examples include principal components analysis and cluster analysis.

Indeed, if the interval were sequentially compact in constructive analysis, then the classical IVT would follow from the first constructive version in the example ; one could find c as a cluster point of the infinite sequence ( c < sub > n </ sub >)< sub > n </ sub >.

Studies use statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis ( CCA ), or detrended correspondence analysis ( DCA ), for classifying vegetation.

For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a nuclear reactor, so nuclear scientists will analyze neutron activation to develop discrete measurements within vast samples.

The method of standard addition is used in instrumental analysis to determine concentration of a substance ( analyte ) in an unknown sample by comparison to a set of samples of known concentration, similar to using a calibration curve.

In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into inductively coupled plasma.

Consequently, atomizers are most commonly used in the analysis of metals and other conducting samples.

Bioinformatics is very much involved in making sense of protein microarray and HT MS data ; the former approach faces similar problems as with microarrays targeted at mRNA, the latter involves the problem of matching large amounts of mass data against predicted masses from protein sequence databases, and the complicated statistical analysis of samples where multiple, but incomplete peptides from each protein are detected.

* Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

* Analytical chemistry – analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.

Nereus spent over 10 hours at the bottom of the Challenger Deep and measured a depth of at, while sending live video and data back to its mothership RV Kilo Moana at the surface and collecting geological and biological samples from the Challenger Deep bottom with its manipulator arm for further scientific analysis.

An analysis of the sediment samples collected by Kaiko found large numbers of simple organisms at.

In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens.

Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystal structure of the rocks.

Scientific analysis of samples from both facilities revealed the presence of hazardous and persistent hormone disruptor chemicals, including alkylphenols, perfluorinated compounds and perfluorooctane sulfonate.

Atterberg limits tests, water content measurements, and grain size analysis, for example, may be performed on disturbed samples obtained from thick walled soil samplers.

These techniques use these different fluorophores for analysis of cell structure at a molecular level in both live and fixed samples.

Much current research ( in the early 21st century ) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of superresolution analysis of fluorescently labeled samples.

Large drills are used to sink shafts, excavate stopes and obtain samples for analysis.

According to an Environmental Working Group analysis of USDA and FDA pesticide residue tests performed from 2000 through 2008, 84 % of the 2, 216 tested potato samples contained detectable traces of at least one pesticide.

Chemical analysis found that samples of polywater were contaminated with other substances ( explaining the changes in melting and boiling points ), and examination of polywater via electron microscopy showed that it also contained small particles of various solids from silicon to phospholipids, explaining its greater viscosity.

Pneumatic tube systems are used in science, to transport samples during neutron activation analysis.

RFLP analysis was also the basis for early methods of Genetic fingerprinting, useful in the identification of samples retrieved from crime scenes, in the determination of paternity, and in the characterization of genetic diversity or breeding patterns in animal populations.

ESEM may be the preferred for electron microscopy of unique samples from criminal or civil actions, where forensic analysis may need to be repeated by several different experts.

The conclusion was supported by a case-control study, environmental sampling, and laboratory analysis of samples collected from the fair and members of the outbreak.

The first identifiable bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) with sufficient gluten for yeasted breads has been identified using DNA analysis in samples from a granary dating to c 1350 BC at Assiros in Greek Macedonia.

Corpus linguistics adherents believe that reliable language analysis best occurs on field-collected samples, in natural contexts and with minimal experimental interference.

For instance, the variation in the ratios of stable hydrogen isotopes across latitudes makes it possible to roughly establish the origins of migrant birds using mass spectrometric analysis of feather samples.