On 24 May 1923, Frank Aiken, the ( anti-treaty ) IRA Chief-of-Staff, called a cease-fire.

The new state planned to place the new representative of the Crown, Governor-General Tim Healy in a new, smaller residence, but because of death threats from the anti-treaty IRA, he was installed in the Viceregal Lodge temporarily.

In March 1923 an infamous atrocity was carried out by Free State troops near Tralee when nine anti-treaty IRA prisoners were taken from the prison in Tralee and blown up with a land mine at nearby Ballyseedy.

Then, on 14 August, he led a surprise attack of 300 – 400 anti-treaty IRA men on Dundalk.

Within Ireland itself, armed opposition to the treaty settlement took the name of the anti-treaty IRA, seeing itself as the " true " government of Ireland.

In April, Frank Aiken, IRA chief of staff, ordered the anti-treaty forces to dump their arms and go home.

During the Civil war the barnewall homesteasd near the 13th Lock in Lyons was the North Kildare brigade headquarters for the anti-treaty IRA.

De Valera led his supporters out of the Dáil and, after a lapse of six months in which the IRA also split, a bloody civil war between pro-and anti-treaty sides followed, only coming to an end in 1923 accompanied by multiple executions.

In the ensueing civil war between pro and anti-treaty elements, Kerry was perhaps the worst affected area of Ireland.

It also housed prisoners during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 – 21 ) and many of the anti-treaty forces during the civil war period.

They contrasted his continuing bitterness towards Blythe with the cross party friendships of their colleagues Seán MacEntee ( anti-treaty ) and Desmond FitzGerald ( pro-treaty ) who after the divide re-established relationships and ensured their children held no civil war bitterness.

It was accused of the torture and killing of a number of republican ( anti-treaty ) prisoners during the civil war and was disbanded at the war's end, being unnecessary for a police force in peacetime.

It was the political descendants of Michael Collins, the Fine Gael-pro-treaty party in a coalition with an anti-treaty party, not de Valera of the Fianna Fáil-who did declare the state to be a republic in 1948.

Faced with strong opposition from within the Iraqi political establishment and the anti-treaty campaign, Shawkat's government lasted only five months.

Following the Irish War of Independence, he joined the anti-treaty side, and continued to support Sinn Féin after the split with Fianna Fáil.

He was re-elected as TD for Galway in 1921 general election and having sided with the anti-treaty forces following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, he did not take his seat in either the 3rd Dáil or the 4th Dáil.

The Oath became a key issue in the resulting Irish Civil War that divided the pro-and anti-treaty sides in 1922 – 23.

This name has 15th Century origins, however from the 20th century the name has been more commonly attributed to the prominent role Cork played in the Irish War of Independence ( 1919 – 1921 ) when it was the scene of considerable fighting ; in addition, it was an anti-treaty stronghold during the Irish Civil War ( 1922 – 23 ).

O ' Connell Street was again the scene of a pitched battle in July 1922, on the outbreak of the Irish Civil War, when anti-treaty fighters under Oscar Traynor occupied the street after pro-treaty Irish National Army troops attacked the republican garrison in the nearby Four Courts.

Since the election of the Second Dáil in 1921, Sinn Féin, the only political party represented in the Dáil, had split into pro and anti-treaty factions and these two factions became the major contestants of the 1922 elections.

The town was raided at least once by anti-treaty forces during the Irish Civil War of 1922 to 1923.

The conclusion of the pro-treaty, anti-treaty Irish Civil War confirmed its status — the state became the present republic Ireland in 1937.

The largest political group in the anti-treaty faction, who opposed the treaty initially by force of arms, had boycotted the institutions of the new Irish Free State until 1926.

" The quid pro quo for this indulgence of the Catholic Church's interests in Ireland was the degree of respectability which it conferred on De Valera's formerly denounced republican faction and its reputation as the ' semi-constitutional ' political wing of the ' irregular ' anti-treaty terrorist minority.

The Oath was widely condemned by the anti-treaty campaigners as involving Irish politicians taking an Oath of Allegiance to the British King.

In contrast Leinster House was located well in from the streets that surrounded it, had considerable parking potential and was far more secure in the event of an anti-treaty republican attack on the Free State Dáil and Seanad.

He earned notoriety amongst anti-treaty supporters through his order that captured anti-Treaty activists found carrying arms were liable for execution.

Others a replacement for the marginalised Sinn Féin, more a break from the traditional pro-and anti-treaty Irish Civil War division.

In the months between the Treaty debates and the outbreak of Civil War, Brugha attempted to dissuade his fellow anti-treaty army leaders including Rory O ' Connor, Liam Mellows and Joe McKelvey from taking up arms against the Free State.

The outbreak of the Irish Civil War ensued in the first week of July when Free State forces commenced shelling of the anti-treaty positions.

The anti-treaty forces, including Erskine Childers and Frank O ' Connor, had retreated from Cork City to Macroom.

As such, he was Leader of the Opposition in the Dáil of the Irish Free State, as the anti-treaty faction of Sinn Féin refused to recognise the Dáil as constituted.

Seemingly he was ostracised from the anti-treaty forces and referred to as " That bloody Englishman " due to his foreign birth.

As the hunt for Childers became more urgent after the death of Collins the high command of the anti-treaty forces distanced themselves from Childers on the grounds that he was too infamous to be of any practical use, despite his considerable military experience, and at one stage he was put to work addressing letters in the staff office in Macroom, Cork.

Fenian soldiers wearing IRA insignia fought at the Battle of Ridgeway on 2 June 1866.

The IRA fought a guerrilla war against the Crown forces in Ireland from 1919 to July 1921.

* The Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) of Ireland, a left-wing Irish paramilitary group that fought a 29-year war for a United Ireland.

The War of Independence was fought between the army of the Irish Republic, the Irish Republican Army ( known now as the " Old IRA " to distinguish it from later organisations of that name ), and the British Army of the United Kingdom.

This led to the Irish Civil War, fought between the new Free State forces, composed of pro-treaty IRA men and others ( including thousands of veterans of the First World War ), and the majority of the old IRA, led by Liam Lynch, who rejected the Treaty.

Many IRA men who fought in the War of Independence were dissatisfied with the Treaty and both Civil War or reoccupation by the British were possible.

Between 1919 and 1921 the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ), who were loyal to the Dáil, fought the British Army and Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) in the Irish War of Independence.

From 1919 – 1921 the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) was organised as a guerilla army, led by Michael Collins and fought against British forces.

Though many across the country were unhappy with the Anglo-Irish Treaty ( since, during the war, the IRA had fought for independence for all Ireland and for a republic, not a partitioned dominion under the British crown ), some republicans were satisfied that the Treaty was the best that could be achieved at the time.

The Regiment has fought against Louis XIV, Napoleon, Kruger, George Washington, The Kaiser, Hitler, Bonnie Prince Charlie the IRA, The United States, various natives of Africa and Asia and Saddam Hussein ; in the Netherlands, in the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years ' War, in the American Revolution, in India, the Peninsular War and at Waterloo, in the Crimea, in the South African wars, in the First and Second World Wars and in recent Gulf conflicts.

The English did not recognise a war existed and treated all killings by the IRA as murder ; the Irish republicans claimed that they were at war and it was being fought between two opposing nations and therefore demanded prisoner of war status.

In particular the Provisional IRA fought its first major action there on 27 June 1970, when a group of IRA men led by Billy McKee fought a gun battle of several hours with loyalist paramilitaries.

The first of these was the Falls Curfew of 1971, when over 3, 000 troops imposed a 3 day curfew on the Falls Road area of Belfast and fought a sustained gun battle with local IRA men.

Ultimately, the Irish Free State put down the Anti-treaty IRA and ended the war by May 1923, though not before the deaths of many of those who had fought together in 1919-1921.

On 15 July 1940, Frank Ryan-an IRA man who had fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War and was captured by Franco forces-was handed over to the Abwehr and taken to Germany.

The original Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) fought a guerrilla war against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of Independence 1919 – 1921.

This article deals with the anti-Treaty IRA that fought the Irish Civil War and was defeated by the Irish Free State forces and with its successors up to 1969, when the IRA split again.

Some pro-Treaty IRA officers like Eoin O ' Duffy alleged that the " Irregulars " had not fought the British in War of Independence.