Due to the formation of immunological memory, reinfection at later time points leads to a rapid increase in antibody production and effector T cell activity.

Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the accessory processes that accompany it, including: Th2 activation and cytokine production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, affinity maturation and memory cell generation.

* Heiner syndrome — lung disease due to formation of milk protein / IgG antibody immune complexes ( milk precipitins ) in the blood stream after it is absorbed from the GI tract.

From 1943 to 1956 Jerne was a research worker at the Danish National Serum Institute and during this time he formulated a theory on antibody formation.

Eos's antibody inhibited angiogenesis ( the formation of new blood vessels ) and was being researched as a treatment for solid tumors.

Angioedema can be due to antibody formation against C1INH ; this is an autoimmune disorder.

He is famous for his contributions to the fields of antibody formation and immunological tolerance.

Nossal's research is in fundamental immunology, in the field of " antibody formation and immunological tolerance ".

* 2001 – Recipient of the Centenary Medal for distinguished service to the study of antibody formation and immunological tolerance

# antibody formation that requires CD4 + helper T cells

The latter feature is most easily observed when aggregates of a surface molecule are cross-linked with a fluorescent antibody ( see cap formation ) or when small beads become artificially bound to the front of the cell.

* Molecular Mimicry-An exogenous antigen may share structural similarities with certain host antigens ; thus, any antibody produced against this antigen ( which mimics the self-antigens ) can also, in theory, bind to the host antigens, and amplify the immune response.

Ultimately all aspects of Ehrlich ’ s theory would be proven correct with the minor exception that the “ receptor ” exists as both a soluble antibody molecule and as a cell-bound receptor ; it is the soluble form that is secreted rather than the bound form released.

It struck me that this theory immunological hypersensitivity as the etiology of the Aschoff nodule had never been tested and indeed could not be tested without the demonstration of antibody or antigen, preferably both, in the local lesions.

This fact gave rise to the idea that spontaneous autoimmunity may result when the binding of antibody to certain antigens leads to aberrant signals being fed back to parent B cells through membrane bound ligands.

Benveniste was at the center of a major international controversy in 1988, when he published a paper in the prestigious scientific journal Nature describing the action of very high dilutions of anti-IgE antibody on the degranulation of human basophils, findings which seemed to support the concept of homeopathy.

The availability of amino acid sequences of antibody proteins allowed recognition of the fact that the body can produce many different antibody protein with similar antibody constant regions and divergent antibody variable regions.

Through antibody recognition, there is evidence of the annexin like proteins being involved in the positioning and attachment of secretory organelles in the organism Paramecium.

The neurologist or a neuromuscular specialist may run a series of more specialized tests, including EMG / NCS ( this is one of the most important tests ), chest CT ( to rule out paraneoplastic ) and specific blood work looking for voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, acethlocholine receptor antibody, and serum immunofixation, TSH, ANA ESR, EEG etc.

A new treatment based on a truncated version of the apolipoprotein L-1 of high density lipoprotein and a single-domain antibody has recently been found to work in mice, but has not been tested in humans.

Using experimental data from his own research and the work of others, Edelman developed molecular models of antibody proteins.

Recent work with HIV-positive patients with KSHV-related MCD suggests that treatment with the antiherpesvirus drug ganciclovir or the antiCD20 B cell monoclonal antibody, rituximab, may markedly improve outcome.

However, at least one fusion-inhibiting antibody was found to bind closer to the top of hemagglutinin, and is thought to work by cross-linking the heads together, the opening of which is thought to be the first step in the membrane fusion process.

Lu ’ s team has also been recognized for its work in the creation of an HIV vaccine, which in Phase I testing was found to generate antibody and T-cell responses in otherwise-healthy people not infected with HIV.

Her early work involved the application of monoclonal antibody technology to questions within neurobiology.

Their research, together with that by Susumu Tonegawa, also led to the discovery that antibody genes encode as bits and pieces, that can recombine in a myriad of ways to help fight infection ; they also confirmed earlier work by Shen-Ong & Cole, Leder, Hood, Croce, and Hayward that genetic mutation leads to Burkitt's lymphoma, a malignancy of antibody-producing cells, called " B lymphocytes ".

He completed additional work on in vitro and in vivo antibody production and the condition of immunological " tolerance ".

The red cells for the Rh antibody tests were used within 3 days after drawing except for the Af cells, which had been glycerolized and stored at -20-degrees-C for approximately 1 year.

The small amount of insoluble material which precipitated during dialysis was suspended in approximately 5 ml of starting buffer, centrifuged, resuspended in 2.5 ml of isotonic saline and tested for antibody activity.

These were read at 280 m**ym in a Beckman model DU spectrophotometer and tested for antibody activity as described above.

The strip sections containing a given protein were pooled, eluted with 0.5 ml of isotonic saline, and the eluates were tested for antibody activity.

Each tip of the " Y " of an antibody contains a paratope ( a structure analogous to a lock ) that is specific for one particular epitope ( similarly analogous to a key ) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision.

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly ( for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival ).

Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals, which perform different roles, and help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.

After amplifying and then concentrating any PrP < sup > Sc </ sup >, the samples are labelled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for specificity and then finally loaded into a micro-capillary tube.

It is a necessary way to fix tissue for certain stain such as antibody linked immunofluorescence staining.

The chemiluminescent labelling can occur in two ways: either the probe is attached to the enzyme, or the probe is labelled with a ligand ( e. g. biotin ) for which the antibody ( e. g. avidin or streptavidin ) is attached to the enzyme.

For example, immunohistochemistry usually utilizes an antibody to one or more proteins of interest that are conjugated to enzymes yielding either luminescent or chromogenic signals that can be compared between samples, allowing for localization information.

The sample is prepared for normal electron microscopic examination, and then treated with an antibody to the protein of interest that is conjugated to an extremely electro-dense material, usually gold.

The CSF is examined for abnormal cells, infections, antibody levels, the glucose level, and protein levels.

When RA is clinically suspected, immunological studies are required, such as testing for the presence of rheumatoid factor ( RF, a non-specific antibody ).

* serological parameters – including the rheumatoid factor as well as ACPA – " ACPA " stands for " anti-citrullinated protein antibody ":

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase, found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology for antibody detection, among other things.

This cult was an ancient blood cult that passed on this genetic immunity to selective members to keep this antibody against the return of the comet ( which was set to happen in Season 3 ) so that they'd survive for being genetically select.

* General antibody screen ( indirect Coombs test ) for HDN

The outer membrane of T. pallidum has too few surface proteins for an antibody to be effective.

Originally all antibodies produced for immunostaining were polyclonal, i. e. raised by normal antibody reactions in animals such as horses or rabbits.