* the apoptosome ( regulated by cytochrome c and the Bcl-2 family ), which activates caspase-9.

Once cytochrome c is released it binds with Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 ( Apaf-1 ) and ATP, which then bind to pro-caspase-9 to create a protein complex known as an apoptosome.

One hallmark of apoptosis is the release of cytochrome c, which then recruits Apaf-1 and dATP / ATP into an apoptosome complex.

Hsp 70 inhibits this process by blocking the recruitment of procaspase-9 to the Apaf-1 / dATP / cytochrome c apoptosome complex.

Typically, to generate the name of an enzyme, the suffix-ase is added to the name of its substrate ( e. g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or the type of reaction ( e. g., DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ).

At first, an immature form of the virus particle is produced inside the ER, whose M-protein is not yet cleaved to its mature form and is therefore denoted as prM ( precursor M ) and forms a complex with protein E. The immature particles are processed in the Golgi apparatus by the host protein furin, which cleaves prM to M. This releases E from the complex which can now take its place in the mature, infectious virion.

α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate groups from PKC leading to its deactivation, bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt.

After mitosis, division occurs by the formation of a septum, or cell plate, that cleaves the cell at its midpoint.

The hard inner seed underneath the fleshy mesocarp, like the pit of an avocado, cleaves readily in two when its thin shell is cracked.

* The riboswitch is a ribozyme that cleaves itself in the presence of sufficient concentrations of its metabolite.

To be specific, tPA cleaves the zymogen, plasminogen at its Arg560-Val561 peptide bond, into the serine protease plasmin.

* The formation of a C3 convertase can also be prevented when a plasma protease called Factor I cleaves C3b into its inactive form, iC3b.

Renin cleaves the zymogen angiotensinogen, always present in plasma as a result of constitutive production in the liver, into a second inactive form, angiotensin I, which is then converted to its active form, angiotensin II, by angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ), which is widely-distributed in the small vessels of the body, but particularly concentrated in the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs.

In addition to its role in long-patch BER, FEN1 cleaves flaps with a similar structure during Okazaki fragment processing, an important step in lagging strand DNA replication.

Chymotrypsin cleaves peptide bonds by attacking the unreactive carbonyl group with a powerful nucleophile, the serine 195 residue located in the active site of the enzyme, which briefly becomes covalently bonded to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate intermediate.

Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase ( a form of β-lactamase ) production: an enzyme that cleaves the β-lactam ring of the penicillin molecule, rendering the antibiotic ineffective.

* Phospholipase C, an enzyme which cleaves PI ( 4, 5 ) P2 to form IP3 and diacylglycerol

Thrombin in turn cleaves fibrinogen to form fibrin, which polymerizes to form the dense meshwork that makes up the majority of a clot.

In the first pathway, only the nuclease FEN1, which cleaves the short flaps immediately when they form, is involved.

Achren identifies Arawn in the form of a serpent near to striking Taran, and grabs him ; he strikes her fatally, but cannot strike again before Taran cleaves him with Dyrnwyn.

Viral protein A cleaves replicative form I DNA strand at the origin of replication ( ori ) and covalently attaches itself to the DNA, generating replicative form II molecule.

The Cmr ( Cas RAMP module ) proteins found in Pyrococcus furiosus and other prokaryotes form a functional complex with small CRISPR RNAs that recognizes and cleaves complementary target RNAs.

This complex then cleaves procaspase-9, activating caspase-9 and eventually inducing apoptosis via caspase-3 activation.

The caspase-9 then cleaves the proteins of the mitochondrial membrane, causing it to break down and start a chain reaction of protein denaturation and eventually phagocytosis of the cell.

Also, GrB cleaves the protein Bid, which recruits the protein Bax and Bak to change the membrane permeability of the mitochondria, causing the release of cytochrome c ( which is one of the parts needed to activate caspase-9 via the Apoptosome ), Smac / Diablo and Omi / HtrA2 ( which suppress the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins ( IAPs )), among other proteins.

* G < sub > αq / 11 </ sub > stimulates membrane-bound phospholipase C beta, which then cleaves PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > ( a minor membrane phosphoinositol ) into two second messengers, IP3 and diacylglycerol ( DAG ).

This complex contains an endonuclease that cleaves perfectly complementary messages to which the siRNA binds.

PrP < sup > C </ sup > is readily digested by proteinase K and can be liberated from the cell surface in vitro by the enzyme phosphoinositide phospholipase C ( PI-PLC ), which cleaves the glycophosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) glycolipid anchor.

* Phospholipase D, an enzyme which cleaves phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline

Organosulfur compounds, undesirable impurities in petroleum, may be upgraded by subjecting them to hydrodesulfurization, which cleaves the C – S bonds:

Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP < sub > 3 </ sub > into the egg cell cytoplasm.

For to obey such a commandment would have been contrary to the nature of man, who generally cleaves to that to which he is used ; it would in those days have made the same impression as a prophet would make at present 12th Century if he called us to the service of God and told us in His name, that we should not pray to God nor fast, nor seek His help in time of trouble ; that we should serve Him in thought, and not by any action.

To produce an F ( ab ') 2 fragment, IgG is digested with pepsin, which cleaves the heavy chains near the hinge region.

These possess both haemagglutination and neuraminidase activity, which cleaves sialic acid on the cell surface, preventing viral particles from reattaching to previously infected cells.

The excess thrombin cleaves fibrinogen, which ultimately leaves behind multiple fibrin clots in the circulation.

Exposure of DNA polymerase I to the protease subtilisin cleaves the molecule into a smaller fragment, which retains only the DNA polymerase and proofreading activities.

During lagging strand synthesis, DNA ligase I connects the Okazaki fragments, following replacement of the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase δ. Okazaki fragments that are not ligated could cause double-strand-breaks, which cleaves the DNA.

* glmS riboswitch, which is a ribozyme that cleaves itself when there is a sufficient concentration of glucosamine-6-phosphate.

Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin which polymerizes and crosslinks ( using factor XIII ) into a blood clot.

The coagulation cascade consists of a series of steps in which a protease cleaves and subsequently activates the next protease in the sequence.

RuvC is the resolvase, which cleaves the Holliday junction.

Renin, a proteolytic enzyme, cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II, which is also a potent vasoconstrictor.