The advent of the Age of Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical application of the growing body of scientific knowledge — a factor evidenced in the systematic development of the steam engine, guided by scientific analysis, and the development of the political and sociological analyses, culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.

This statute allows the owner of a particular trade dress (" container for goods ") to sue an infringer ( a person or entity who illegally copies that trade dress ) for violating section 43 ( a ) without registering that trade dress with any formal agency or system ( unlike the registration and application requirements for enforcing other forms of intellectual property, such as patents ).

Ethical principles, for Malebranche, are therefore divine in their foundation, universal in their application, and to be discovered by intellectual contemplation, just as geometrical principles are.

Averroism is the term applied to either of two philosophical trends among scholastics in the late 13th century: ( a ) the Berber doctor and philosopher Averroës or Ibn Rushd's interpretations of Aristotle and his reconciliation of Aristotelianism with Islamic faith ; and ( b ) the application of these ideas in the Latin Christian and Jewish intellectual traditions, such as Siger of Brabant, Boetius of Dacia, and Maimonides.

He also proposed the emendament 16 to protect the freedom of the press from the strict application of the EU directive ( IPRED2 ) on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights.

The book received a favourable review from former Labor Party speech writer Bob Ellis, and The Australian described it as ' read almost universally as Abbott's intellectual application for the party's leadership after the Turnbull experiment '.

Although a number of commentators have expressed enthusiasm over the increasing " propertization " of intellectual property ( that is to say, the increased application of real property doctrines to intangible property ) and the extension of the trespass to chattels doctrine to computer networks, a number of detractors have expressed concern over the ramifications of extending the theory to protect electronic communications that do not actually damage the computer systems in question but only cause nominal damage due to their content.

" After reviewing the works submitted by Dr. Abu-Zeid in his application for promotion, examining them both individually and as a whole, we have reached the following conclusion: his prodigious academic efforts demonstrate that he is a researcher well-rooted in his academic field, well-read in our Islamic intellectual traditions, and with a knowledge of all its many branches — Islamic principles, theology, jurisprudence, Sufism, Qur ’ anic studies, rhetoric and linguistics — He has not rested on the laurels of his in-depth knowledge of this field, but has taken a forthright, critical position.

Fundamental work in statistical mechanics by the School of Theoretical Physics has found application in computer switching technology and led to the establishment of an Irish campus company to exploit this intellectual property.

Reviewing the 1950 edition of The Castle of Iron, Boucher and McComas described the series as " a high point in the application of sternest intellectual logic to screwball fantasy .".

Reviewing the 1950 edition, Boucher and McComas faulted the novel for weakness in plotting, but described the series as " a high point in the application of sternest intellectual logic to screwball fantasy .".

Scottish Borders Council is considering an application by a property developer to build a housing estate on the opposite bank of the River Tweed from Abbotsford, to which Historic Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland object.

This property of Triple DES is not a weakness provided 112 bits of security is sufficient for an application.

Idempotence ( ) is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science, that they can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application.

Note that the Israeli application of the Immutability Doctrine does not distinguish between personal and real property.

On the basis of this requirement, application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say, there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected, because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population.

Ferroelectricity is a property of certain materials which has a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field.

In R v Hale ( 1978 ) the application of force and the stealing took place in different locations, and it was not possible to establish the timing ; it was held that the appropriation necessary to prove theft was a continuing act, and the jury could correctly convict of robbery ; this approach was followed in R v Lockley ( 1995 ) when the force was applied to a shopkeeper after property had been taken.

A common application of proof by mathematical induction is to prove that a property known to hold for one number holds for all natural numbers:

They also cite the Association's application to the State of New Jersey for monies under the state's Green Acres Program, which encourages the use of private property for public recreation and provides a $ 500, 000 annual property tax exemption.

Each settler claiming land in what is now Moon Township had to go through a multi-level process of application for grant, warrant of property, and survey to ensure the physical boundaries of the property, and patent approval whereby the applicant paid for the land and title was conferred.

The general approach to this question was summed up in Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U. S. 255 ( 1980 ) which states that the application of land-use regulations to a particular piece of property is a taking only " if the ordinance does not substantially advance legitimate state interests ... or denies an owner economically viable use of his land.

In its early stages, the Court held the view that interstate commerce was wholly immune from state taxation " in any form ," " even though the same amount of tax should be laid on ( intrastate ) commerce ," This position gave way in time to a less uncompromising but formal approach, according to which, for example, the Court would invalidate a state tax levied on gross receipts from interstate commerce, or upon the " freight carried " in interstate commerce, but would allow a tax merely measured by gross receipts from interstate commerce as long as the tax was formally imposed upon franchises, or "' in lieu of all taxes upon ( the taxpayer's ) property ,'" Dissenting from this formal approach in 1927, Justice Stone remarked that it was " too mechanical, too uncertain in its application, and too remote from actualities, to be of value.

There follows the passing of title ( property or ownership ) in the item, and the application and due settlement of a price, the obligation for which arises due to the seller's requirement to pass ownership.

This property allows the application of rapid substrate / ligand concentration jumps to investigate the electrogenic activity of the protein of interest, measured via capacitive coupling between the vesicles and the electrode.

Any formed faculty does not cease to exist on the removal of its stimulus ; in virtue of its fundamental property, tenacity, it sinks back as a trace ( Spur ) into unconsciousness, whence it may be recalled by the application to it of another stimulus, or by the attraction towards it of some of the movable elements or newly formed original powers.

Intestacy has a limited application in those jurisdictions that follow civil law or Roman law because the concept of a will is itself less important ; the doctrine of forced heirship automatically gives a deceased person's next-of-kin title to a large part ( forced estate ) of the estate's property by operation of law, beyond the power of the deceased person to defeat or exceed by testamentary gift.

An application of this, to limit ownership risks, is to form a new entity to purchase, own and operate each property.

The pour point defined first this property of motor oil, as defined by ASTM D97 as "... an index of the lowest temperature of its utility ..." for a given application, but the " cold cranking simulator " ( CCS, see ASTM D5293-08 ) and " Mini-Rotary Viscometer " ( MRV, see ASTM D3829-02 ( 2007 ), ASTM D4684-08 ) are today the properties required in motor oil specs and define the SAE classifications.

For example, the software could store a property file or execute a process needed by the application in the cloud instead on the user's computer.

Martensite can also be formed by application of stress ( this property is frequently used in toughened ceramics like yttria-stabilized zirconia and in special steels like TRIP steels ( i. e. transformation induced plasticity steels )).

* Is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application

In the hearings before the Ad Hoc Political Committee that considered Israel's application for membership in the United Nations, Abba Eban said that the rights stipulated in section C. Declaration, chapters 1 and 2 of UN resolution 181 ( II ) had been alluded to in the fundamental law of the state of Israel as proposed by the resolution.

Turabi was noted for his commitment to the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but strict application of sharia law, and an intensification of the long-running war in southern Sudan, human rights abuses, once in power.

In the case the ICJ found that its own temporary court orders were legally binding and that the rights contained in the convention could not be denied by the application of domestic legal procedures.

Collectively labeled under the heading of the so-called " war on terror ", the scope of such laws, policies and directives are challenged by civil rights organizations and numerous legislators for lack of definitional precision, arbitrary application of sanctions, and violation of privacy laws.

# A technique used to define or restrict the rights of individuals or application programs to obtain data from, or place data onto, a storage device.

# The definition or restriction of the rights of individuals or application programs to obtain data from, or place data into, a storage device.

* An effective champion of the application of psychology to promote human rights, health, well being and dignity

As a result, there have been major changes in the law's application to issues that bear on individual and minority group rights.

" Ordonnance du 19 octobre 1945 " also states in article 3 " This application does not however affect the validity of past acts by the person or rights acquired by third parties on the basis of previous laws.

Monsanto's application of this business model to agriculture, along with a growing movement to create a global, uniform system of plant breeders ' rights in the 1980s, came into direct conflict with customary practices of farmers to save, reuse, share and develop plant varieties.

ILGA submitted another application, along with another LGBT rights organisation but it was rejected on 23 January 2006 at the Committee of NGOs.

Because of its potential wide application to the colonial economy, the Stamp Act was judged by the colonists to be a more dangerous assault on their rights than the Sugar Act was.

The Yogyakarta Principles, which is a document on application of international human rights law, provides definition on gender identity.

Steve Swasey, Netflix Vice-President of Corporate Communications, told TechRepublic that despite the willingness of developers to implement digital rights management measures in the media framework application Moonlight ( an open-source implementation of Silverlight ), Netflix cannot be " everything for everybody all the time ".

These traditions in the East and in the West developed to an extent differently therefore, with bringing in the past different concepts of citizens rights and the application of justice, together with different ethics in public life.

Often, such licenses are enforced by implementing in the software a product activation or digital rights management ( DRM ) mechanism seeking to prevent unauthorized use of the software by issuing a code sequence that must be entered into the application when prompted or stored in its configuration.

A successful application to the court results in an order assigning paternity to a specific man, possibly including support responsibility and / or visitation rights.

A person or business entity acquires rights in a trademark either by using it in the normal course of business ( for example on a tag or label for merchandise being sold to the public ) or by filing an application for registration of the mark in the USPTO.

In practice, many human rights are very difficult to legally enforce due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.

This principle can have no application to representations made regarding the assertion or enforcement of fundamental rights.

The Convention states, " Parties to this Convention shall protect the dignity and identity of all human beings and guarantee everyone, without discrimination, respect for their integrity and other rights and fundamental freedoms with regard to the application of biology and medicine.

It affirmed the judgment on royalties due, while reversing the summary judgments on ownership of UNIX and UnixWare copyrights, SCO ’ s claim seeking specific performance, the scope of Novell ’ s rights under Section 4. 16 of the APA, and the application of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing to Novell ’ s rights under Section 4. 16 of the APA.