The dependence of the arc voltage upon the mass flow velocity of the transpirating gas was investigated for various arc lengths and currents between 100 Amp and 200 Aj.

The purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage.

For each mass flow rate the arc voltage was measured.

However if the region of air breakdown extends to another conductor at a different voltage it will create a conductive path between them, and a large current will flow through the air, creating an " electric arc ".

* Puncture voltage is the voltage across the insulator ( when installed in its normal manner ) which causes a breakdown and conduction of the material of the insulator, causing a puncture arc through the interior of the insulator.

* Flashover voltage is the voltage which causes the air around or along the surface of the insulator to break down and conduct, causing a flashover arc along the outside of the insulator.

As the points open, point spacing is such that the voltage across the primary coil would arc across the points.

The turns ratio between the primary and secondary coil is selected so that the voltage across the secondary reaches a very high value, enough to arc across the gap of the spark plug.

In arc welding, the length of the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the current.

Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant current even as the voltage varies.

This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to fluctuate.

Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current, and as a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding.

A high voltage is pulsed across the lamp to " ignite " or " strike " the arc, after which the discharge can be maintained at a lower voltage.

A wall-stabilized high-current arc source was constructed and used to study transition probabilities of atomic hydrogen and oxygen.

A set of tables containing spectral intensities for 39,000 lines of 70 elements, as observed in a copper matrix in a d-c arc, was completed and published.

Thus, the energy transferred from the arc to the anode was partly fed back into the arc.

It was shown that by proper anode design the net energy loss of the arc to the anode could be reduced to approximately 15% of the total arc energy.

Argon was also blown at low velocities ( mass flow rate Af ) through a tube coaxial with the cathode as an additional precaution against contamination of the arc by air.

To reduce heat transfer from the hot gas to this anode holder outside the regime of the arc, a carbon shield was attached to the surface providing an air gap of 1/16 inch between the plate and the surface of the anode holder.

A high frequency starter was used to start the arc.

The lower limit was determined by the fact that for smaller flow rates the arc started to strike to the anode holder instead of to the porous graphite plug and that it became highly unstable.

The upper limit was determined by the difficulty of measuring the characteristic anode surface temperature ( see below ) since only a small region of the anode was struck by the arc.

One man, badly burned about the face and eyes by an arc welding torch, was blinded and could not find a doctor at the time.

According to the conjectural reconstructions of Noel Swerdlow and G. J. Toomer, this was derived from his assumption of a " least perceptible " solar parallax of 7 arc minutes.

* A very High resolution monochrome video card with blitter and hardware text line and arc drawing capability, was designed for CAD applications, based on the NEC µPD7220 chip designed for graphic terminals, but was also used by some personal computers like the DEC Rainbow, and notably also for the Tulip System I.

Another major flaw of the controllers was that the design did not translate into a linear acceleration from the center through the arc of the stick travel.

Zealous by contrast was barely touched: Hood had situated Zealous outside the arc of most of the French ship's broadside and in any case Guerrier was not prepared for an engagement on both sides simultaneously, with its port guns blocked by stores.

In 1880, a stretch of Broadway between Union Square and Madison Square was illuminated by Brush arc lamps, making it among the first electrically lighted streets in the United States.

Claire was the main focus of the show's first story arc, featuring the popular catchphrase, " Save the cheerleader, save the world ".

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

The Af values are listed in Table 1 together with the measured surface temperatures and arc voltages.

At each end is a goal 2. 14 m ( 7 feet ) high and 3. 66 m ( 12 ft ) wide measured from the inner sides of the posts and crossbar, and an approximately semi-circular area 14. 63 m ( 16 yd ) from the goal known as the shooting circle ( or D or arc ), bounded by a solid line, with a dotted line 5 m ( 5 yd 6 in — this marking was not established until after metric conversion ) from that, as well as lines across the field 22. 90 m ( 25 yd ) from each end-line ( generally referred to as the 23 m lines ) and in the center of the field.

Instead of being confined to a circle, javelin throwers are provided with a runway wide and at least in length, ending in a curved arc from which their throw will be measured ; athletes typically use this distance to gain momentum in a " run-up " to their throw.

The distance of the throw is measured from the throwing arc to the point where the tip of the javelin landed, rounded down to the nearest centimeter.

The French Academy of Sciences commissioned an expedition led by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain, lasting from 1792 to 1799, which measured the distance between the Dunkerque belfry and Montjuïc castle, Barcelona to estimate the length of the meridian arc through Dunkerque ( assumed to be the same length as the Paris meridian ).

The nautical mile ( symbol M, NM or nmi ) is a unit of length that is about one minute of arc of latitude measured along any meridian, or about one minute of arc of longitude at the equator.

Using triangulation he then measured a 137 km arc of meridian between Cape Town and Aurora.

Latitude was measured from the equator, as it is today, but Ptolemy preferred in book 8 to express it as the length of the longest day rather than degrees of arc ( the length of the midsummer day increases from 12h to 24h as one goes from the equator to the polar circle ).

An angle is measured as the ratio of the length of a circle's arc subtended by an angle whose vertex is the centre of the circle to some other length.

It is measured in seconds of arc per year, arcsec / yr, where 3600 arcseconds equal one degree.

Suppose in a year an object moves from coordinates ( α, δ ) to coordinates ( α < sub > 1 </ sub >, δ < sub > 1 </ sub >), with angles measured in seconds of arc.

This means Arc Absolute, and the parameters place the center of the arc at absolute coordinates 100, 100 on the page, with a starting angle of 50 degrees measured counter-clockwise.

Before sunset, he measured the longitudinal arc separating the Moon from the Sun.

Then, after sunset, he measured the arc from the Moon to the star.

Hipparchus is thought to have measured the longitudinal arc separating Spica from the Moon.

Together with ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā al-Asṭurlābī in 827, he measured at 35 degrees north latitude, in the valley of the Tigris, the length of a meridian arc and thus the Earth's circumference, getting a result of 40, 248 km ( or, according to other sources, 41, 436 km ).

When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.

220 BC ) measured the length of Earth's meridian arc.

Tycho had determined that a typical star measured approximately a minute of arc in size, with more prominent ones being two or three times as large.

Having succeeded to his father's position at the observatory in 1712, he measured in 1713 the arc of the meridian from Dunkirk to Perpignan, and published the results in a volume entitled Traité de la grandeur et de la figure de la terre ( 1720 ).