The primary reason for the abandonment of the `` shore occupied by '' thesis has been the assimilation and accumulation of archaeological evidence, the most striking feature of early English studies in this century.

That is, there was no trace of Anglo-Saxons in Britain as early as the late third century, to which time the archaeological evidence for the erection of the Saxon Shore forts was beginning to point.

We must, therefore, have a look at the new archaeological material and re-examine the literary and place-name evidence which bears upon the problem.

This, naturally, will be difficult to do since both the archaeological and place-name evidence in this period, with some fortunate exceptions, is insufficient for precise chronological purposes.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

One example of archaeological evidence of the Roman abacus, shown here in reconstruction, dates to the 1st century AD.

Many of these possibilities are supported by archaeological evidence.

However, there are no known year-names or other archaeological evidence verifying any of these later kings of Akkad or Uruk, apart from a single artifact referencing king Dudu of Akkad.

The Basilica Aemilia in the Roman Forum did burn down, which perhaps can be attributed to Alaric: the archaeological evidence was provided by coins dating from 410 found melted in the floor.

There is good archaeological evidence for this process and crucibles used to produce brass by cementation have been found on Roman period sites including Xanten and Nidda in Germany, Lyon in France and at a number of sites in Britain.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

While John the Baptist's use of a deep river for his baptism suggests immersion, pictorial and archaeological evidence of Christian baptism from the 3rd century onward indicates that a normal form was to have the candidate stand in water while water was poured over the upper body.

In addition the archaeological evidence indicates that in the 2nd century BC Celts expanded from Bohemia through the Kłodzko valley into Silesia, now part of Poland.

The archaeological evidence from Bologna and its vicinity contradicts the testimony of Polybius and Livy on some points, who say the Boii expelled the Etruscans and perhaps some were forced to leave.

Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests that this technique was used in ancient Egypt.

Subsequent archaeological investigation found debris scattered over of seabed and evidence that the ship was wracked by two huge explosions one after the other.

According to archaeological evidence, cultures in Egypt ( hieroglyphs ), the Near East ( cuneiform )— and the Mediterranean, with the Mycenaean culture ( Linear B )— had viable writing systems.

The castle theory fell from favour among Scottish archaeologists in the 1980s, due to a lack of supporting archaeological evidence.

Further archaeological evidence indicates that other parts of the region now called Cambodia were inhabited from around 1000-2000 BCE by a Neolithic culture.

Although there is disagreement as to whether the dynasty actually existed, there is some archaeological evidence pointing to its possible existence.

During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi ( the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion ), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.

Cave paintings, artifacts and other archaeological evidence indicate that there has been continuous habitation for some 8, 000 years.

There is little archaeological evidence of early diets including couscous, possibly because the original couscoussière was probably made from organic materials which could not survive extended exposure to the elements.

This battle is of interest because it is surprising that an area so far east should still be in Briton hands this late: there is ample archaeological evidence of early Saxon and Anglian presence in the Midlands, and historians generally have interpreted Gildas's De Excidio as implying that the Britons had lost control of this area by the mid-sixth century.

Ancient resources as well as recent archaeological evidence suggest that, at one point, Caligula had the palace extended to annex this structure. When several kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he cried out " Let there be one Lord, one King ".

" Robin Lane Fox notes that Cretan bronzes are found at Delphi from the eighth century onwards, and Cretan sculptures are dedicated as late as ca 620-600 BC: "" Dedications at the site cannot establish the identity of its priesthood ," he observes, " but for once we have an explicit text to set beside the archaeological evidence.

What we know about Mesopotamian religion comes from archaeological evidence uncovered in the region, particularly literary sources, which are usually written in cuneiform on clay tablets and which describe both mythology and cultic practices.

While we have no direct archaeological evidence to explain the split itself, we can assume by linguistic evidence that contact was soon cut off between the two groups, despite there being no geographical feature that would automatically isolate them from each other.

Porcelain items in the sense that we know them today could be found in the Tang Dynasty, and archaeological finds has pushed the dates back to as early as the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE – 220 CE ).

Unfortunately, the community declined soon after European settlement, and most of what we know about them today comes from the few artifacts and sparse archaeological evidence that they left behind.

The oldest piece of kilim which we have any knowledge was obtained by M. A. Stein, the archaeological explorer ; a fragment from an ancient settlement near Khotan, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth or fifth century CE.

" Since the Calusa had no written language, the only record we have of their lifestyle and ceremonies comes from the oral history of the ( much later ) Seminoles, from written accounts of Spanish explorers, and from the archaeological record.

In the area of Pergusa lake we can also find an archaeological site, known as Cozzo Matrice, practically the rests of an old fortified village, where some imposing walls dating about 8000 BC, a sacred citadel, a rich necropolis and the remains of an ancient temple dedicated to Demeter, dating more than 2000 years ago.

It is thanks to them that we know about many archaeological features that have since disappeared or been moved.

The oldest piece of which we have any knowledge is a fragment obtained by M. A. Stein, the archaeological explorer, from the ruins near Khotan, in Eastern Turkestan, of an ancient settlement, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth or fifth century CE.

The archaeological context of the find: " Although Tintagel is often associated with the mysterious and mythical past, we must dismiss any idea that the name on this stone is in any way to be associated with the legendary and literary figure Arthur.

Much of what we do know about the Chachapoyas culture is based on archaeological evidence from ruins, pottery, tombs and other artifacts.

The pole lathe's origin is lost in antiquity ; we know that Vikings used them from the archaeological finds at Jórvík, the Viking settlement discovered beneath the modern city of York in England.

Aside from the ongoing archaeological research on Lenca culture, we can only know the Lenca people from the time of and through their encounters with the Spanish.

Therefore all we have to study their religion from is the literature from the early Christian period, commentaries from classical Greek and Roman scholars, and archaeological evidence.

Despite this, there is much that we do not know about this religion, and what is currently known about it comes mainly from the available archaeological evidence.