Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.

The term Building design professional ( or Design professional ), by contrast, is a much broader term including professionals who practice independently under an alternate profession, such as engineering professionals, or those who assist in the practice architecture under the supervision of a licensed architect, such as architectural technologists and intern architects.

Architects in the UK who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education, or have in some other way advanced the profession, might until 1971 be elected Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects and can write FRIBA after their name if they feel so inclined.

Architects in the US who have made contributions to the profession through design excellence or architectural education, or have in some other way advanced the profession, are elected Fellows of the American Institute of Architects and can write FAIA after their name.

Aalto claimed that his paintings were not made as individual artworks but as part of his process of architectural design, and many of his small-scale " sculptural " experiments with wood led to later larger architectural details and forms.

The design program and explanations were devised by Johannes Stabius, the architectural design by the master builder and court-painter Jörg Kölderer and the woodcutting itself by Hieronymous Andreae, with Dürer as designer-in-chief.

The Abbey was built over some sixty years using local red sandstone, but gives the impression of a single coherent, mainly ' Early English ' architectural design, though the round-arched processional doorway in the western front looks back to late Norman or transitional work.

A design is typically carried out according to the common three architectural levels of a database ( see Database architecture above ).

* Redefining the specifications of design solutions which can lead to better guidelines for traditional design activities ( graphic, industrial, architectural, etc.

In many cases this can be avoided by architectural design which favors doors which open inwards into rooms ( from the perspective of a common area such as a corridor, the door opens outwards ).

His design of the Piazza San Pietro in front of the Basilica is one of his most innovative and successful architectural designs.

Its innovative design soon represented a national architectural prototype, and featured a domed central gallery, from which interconnected rooms radiated.

The company is known for its modern architectural designs on various types of appliance and furniture, often associated with a simplified eco-friendly interior design.

At the center were members of the Bauhaus, a European architectural movement that had advanced the cause of modernist design.

Others worried that the design would clash with the architectural feel of nearby Harvard Square.

Gaunt's architectural style emphasised rectangular design, the separation of ground floor service areas from the upper stories and a contrast of austere exteriors with lavish interiors, especially on the 1st floor of the inner bailey buildings.

* The design of minarets in many early Egyptian Islamic mosques followed a similar three-stage design to that of the Pharos, attesting to the building's broader architectural influence.

He sought a rational approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design.

He began his architectural career as an apprentice at the studio of Peter Behrens from 1908 to 1912, where he was exposed to the current design theories and to progressive German culture, working alongside Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier.

Progressive thinkers called for a completely new architectural design process guided by rational problem-solving and an exterior expression of modern materials and structure rather than the superficial application of classical facades.

Like many other avant-garde architects of the day, Mies based his own architectural theories and principles on his own personal re-combination of ideas developed by many other thinkers and designers who had pondered the flaws of the traditional design styles.

The architectural feature, the caryatides upholding the portico, famous around the world as the Porch of the Maidens, was referred to airily by Mando as the Girls' Place.

Mainly an architectural movement, Gothic was characterised by its detailed ornamentation most noticeably the pointed archways and elaborate rib vaulting.

The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.

Sir Herbert Baker's rebuilding of the Bank of England, demolishing most of Sir John Soane's earlier building was described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as " the greatest architectural crime, in the City of London, of the twentieth century ".

However, the purchase of a Scottish estate by Victoria and Albert, and their adoption of Scottish architectural style, was very influential for the ongoing revival of Highland culture.

The second, larger inventory is the Regional Inventory ( RI ), which is broken down by county and contains both those pubs listed in the NI and other pubs that are not eligible for the NI, due to reasons such as having been overly modified, but are still considered historically important, or have particular architectural value.

In others, more elaborate architectural settings developed, sometimes by converting a house and sometimes by converting a previously public building.

The late J. Irwin Miller ( then president and chairman of Cummins Engine Company ) launched the Cummins Foundation, a charitable program that helps subsidize a large number of architectural projects throughout the city by up-and-coming engineers and architects.

However, according to the architectural historian Vitruvius, the column was created by the sculptor Callimachus, probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket.

The handbook De architectura by Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius, is the only architectural writing that survived from Antiquity.

Following the examples of Vitruvius and the five books of the Regole generali d ' architettura by Sebastiano Serlio, published from 1537 onwards, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola produced an architecture rule book that was more practical than the previous two books, which were more philosophical in nature, his Cinque ordini di erchitettura ( The Five Orders of Architecture ) from 1562 ; the book is considered " one of the most successful architectural textbooks ever written ", despite having no text apart from the notes and the introduction.

Later after a financial review by the developer, they decided to reduce the height of the superstructure by increasing the size of the floor plate so as to reduce the complex architectural requirements of the tower base which means a highstrength concrete solution became possible.

Alexander is often overlooked by texts in the history and theory of architecture because his work intentionally disregards contemporary architectural discourse.

A notable value is that the architectural system consists only of classic patterns tested in the real world and reviewed by multiple architects for beauty and practicality.

The third, as described by Pindar, was created by the gods Hephaestus and Athena, but its architectural details included Siren-like figures or ' Enchantresses ', whose baneful songs eventually provoked the Olympian gods to bury the temple in the earth ( according to Pausanias, it was destroyed by earthquake and fire ).

Remment Lucas " Rem " Koolhaas (; born ) is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist, urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University.

This motivated Muschamp to engage in boisterous conversations outside the home in later years, particularly in the company of such up-and-coming architects as Elizabeth Diller and Ricardo Scofidio, Frank Gehry, Rem Koolhaas, Jean Nouvel, Bernard Tschumi and Tod Williams, which formed the basis for his perceptive and often vehement architectural commentary and criticism.

The list of architectural practices that took part in the competition included Itsuko Hasegawa, Mario Botta, Rem Koolhaas, Rafael Moneo, Manfredi Nicoletti, Pietro Marcozzi Architect, Rusli Associates, Werner Seligmann & Associates, Percy Thomas Partnership and Greg Lynn FORM.

A key aspect of architecture that Koolhaas interrogates is the " Program ": with the rise of modernism in the 20th century the " Program " became the key theme of architectural design.

OMA Rotterdam: the head office is working on a master plan for the White City area of London ; a harbour redevelopment and contemporary art Museum in Riga, the Cordoba Congress Centre in Spain ; the redevelopment of the Mercati Generali in Rome, an architectural centre, offices and housing in Copenhagen, the new head office of Rothschild Bank in London and multi-use towers in Rotterdam and The Hague.

The founding of OMA coincided with the firm's entry in the architectural design competition for a new Dutch parliament building in The Hague ( 1978, with Zaha Hadid ).

The 2007 Jan Huygen van Linschoten award was won by the Netherlands based architectural firm ' Office for Metropolitan Architecture ' ( OMA ) for its successful entrance and maintenance in emerging markets such as China, Kazakhstan and amongst others the United Arab Emirates.