He also angered the old aristocracy by abolishing estates inherited by primogeniture ( mayorazgo ) and caused a public uproar with his anticlericalism.

The adoption of massed cavalry in China also broke the tradition of the chariot-riding Chinese aristocracy in battle, which had been in use since the ancient Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 BC-1050 BC ).

The phrase " feudal society " as defined by Marc Bloch expands on the definition proposed by Ganshof and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the peasantry bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church.

An important part of the French aristocracy also involved itself in the crusades, and French knights founded and ruled the Crusader states.

On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists ( as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers ) and the aristocracy ( as personified by Omri's son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel ).

In many parts of Europe, the term is also applied to ambitious private mansions of the aristocracy.

Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively miniscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners and people with inferior status.

This bipartite division of government types differs from the classical sources, and also the earlier of Machiavelli's own works, which divided governments into three types: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

In Ottoman Turkey, the practice also filtered down to the aristocracy.

The Stockholm Bloodbath was a consequence of conflict between Swedish pro-unionists ( in favour of the Kalmar Union, then dominated by Denmark ) and anti-unionists ( supporters of Swedish independence ), and also between the anti-unionists and the Danish aristocracy, which in other aspects was opposed to King Christian.

His embrace of the Roman Catholic faith may also gained him the support of the Catholic Gallo-Roman aristocracy in his later campaign against the Visigoths, which drove them from southern Gaul ( 507 ).

Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy.

Despite the close relations between Swedish and Russian aristocracy ( see also Rus '), there is no direct evidence of Orthodox influence, possibly because of the language barrier.

Leonora had long carried on a relationship with the count of Ourém, who engaged in various intrigues with England and Castile, and who's influence was resented by the leaders of the aristocracy, while her tyrannical rule also aroused Rebellion of bitter opposition.

These people, also known as Yavanas, worked in cooperation with the native Bactrian aristocracy.

He also said that the bourgeoisie, like the aristocracy before them in the ancien régime, had failed as a ruling class.

He also sought to protect the rights of peasant freeholders, who served as the main recruitment pool for the armed forces of the Empire, against attempts by the aristocracy to acquire their land-putting him in direct conflict with some of the largest landholders in the Empire.

The emperor also managed to increase the taxes levied on the aristocracy and established the state on a more secure financial footing.

As the status of Saint Louis grew amongst Europe's aristocracy, the influence of his famous chapel also extended beyond France, with important copies at Karlštejn Castle near Prague ( c. 1360 ) and the Hofburgkapelle in Vienna ( consecrated 1449 ).

There is also speculation in Peter Salway's History of Roman Britain that Seneca had been involved in forcing large loans on the indigenous British aristocracy in the aftermath of Claudius's Roman conquest of Britain, and then calling them in suddenly and aggressively.

His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who also built winter residences.

Later the name came to denote not only the Scandinavian aristocracy in Eastern Europe but also the ethnically mixed population of their domains.

Cemetery of the aristocracy in the 19th century, it also received the remains of famous people from previous eras.

In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville argues that the abolition of the laws of primogeniture and entail in the law of inheritance of private property ( as opposed to inheritance of a monarchy ) result in the more rapid division of land and thus force landed people to seek wealth outside the family estate in order to maintain their previous standard of living, accelerating the death of the landed aristocracy and also quickening the shift to democracy.

He insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nation's natural leaders.

They saw the Anglican Church and the aristocracy as balances against commercial wealth.

The 7th-century Visigothic aristocracy saw itself as bearers of a particular Gothic consciousness and as guardians of old traditions such as Germanic namegiving ; probably these traditions were on the whole restricted to the family sphere ( Hispano-Roman nobles did service for Visigothic nobles already in the 5th century and the two branches of Spanish aristocracy had fully adopted similar customs two centuries later ).

With a weak central government, political corruption had spiraled out of control, and the status quo had been maintained by a corrupt aristocracy, which saw no need to change a system that had made its members rich.

Benjamin Franklin, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson followed Machiavelli's republicanism when they opposed what they saw as the emerging aristocracy that they feared Alexander Hamilton was creating with the Federalist Party.

Both Plato and Aristotle saw three types of government: democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy.

The party saw itself as a champion of republicanism and denounced the Federalists as supporters of monarchy and aristocracy.

In the West, the Renaissance saw an increase in monumental secular works, but until the Protestant Reformation Christian art continued to be commissioned in great quantities by churches, clergy and by the aristocracy.

Despite these translations, the Church of Ireland largely served The Pale and the plantations and failed to win support from the old Hiberno-Norman aristocracy, still less the native Irish, who saw it as an instrument of English occupation.

His decisions to replace standing soldiers with mercenaries and leaving the frontier fortifications unrepaired saw Constantine become naturally unpopular with the supporters of Isaac within the military aristocracy, who attempted to assassinate him in 1061 ; he was also unpopular with the general population, after he finally raised taxes to try to pay the army.

This is what particularly alarmed the British aristocracy in Westminster as they saw the Catholic population as the greatest threat to their power in Ireland.

Whereas the aristocracy defined themselves as an élite ruling class charged with maintaining the social order in France, Sieyès saw the third estate as the primary mechanism of public service.

Whereas Social Statics had been the work of a radical democrat who believed in votes for women ( and even for children ) and in the nationalization of the land to break the power of the aristocracy, by the 1880s he had become a staunch opponent of female suffrage and made common cause with the landowners of the Liberty and Property Defence League against what they saw as the drift towards ' socialism ' of elements ( such as Sir William Harcourt ) within the administration of William Ewart Gladstone – largely against the opinions of Gladstone himself.

The 10th and 11th centuries saw a rise in importance of the aristocracy, and an increased number of new families entering it.

The 17th century saw the tightening of English control over Ireland and the suppression of the traditional aristocracy.

In the sixteenth century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts.

Though finding friends at the local pubs ( his favorite being Madame de Matignon ’ s Salon ) amongst visiting French aristocracy who were fleeing revolutionary France, Lewis saw The Hague as boredom ’ s home, disliking the city ’ s Dutch citizens.

In the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Indonesian islands saw rice as a new prestige food served to the aristocracy during ceremonies and feasts.

The medical establishment controlling the London teaching hospitals, including the Royal College of Surgeons, was restricted to Anglicans and dominated by the aristocracy who saw perfect animal design as proof a natural theology supporting their ideas of God-given rank and privilege.

The history of the Empire is also the history of the sunset of the political freedom of the senatorial aristocracy, which he saw as morally decadent, corrupt, and servile towards the emperor.

He founded the chivalric Order of the Garter which essentially saw nationalisation of the aristocracy.

As Švābe saw it: " With their selfish and shortsighted politics, the German aristocracy and bourgeoisie pressured the Young Latvians into Russophilia.