Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of world's oxygen, although it is now accepted by scientists that rainforests contribute little net oxygen to the atmosphere and deforestation has only a minor effect on atmospheric oxygen levels .< ref > Broeker, Wallace S. ( 2006 ).

This will reproduce the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.

( This neglects the effect of atmospheric refraction.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.

*** Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air, due to the Fink effect, or diffusion hypoxia.

Because of the superlative storm of 1833 and the recent developments in scientific thought of the time ( see for example the identification of Halley's Comet ) the Leonids have had a major effect on the development of the scientific study of meteors which had previously been thought to be atmospheric phenomena.

Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either leveled off or decreased.

This is usually adopted on high pressure ranges such as hydraulics where atmospheric pressure changes will have a negligible effect on the accuracy of the reading, so venting is not necessary.

Eventually, the effect becomes so great that the maximum kinetic energy is not enough to return the orbit above the limits of the atmospheric drag effect.

A consensus among scientists today would hold that a global increase in atmospheric aerosols would probably result in a cooling of the climate ; however, a smaller but growing fraction of the current evidence suggests that it may have a warming effect.

It includes only those macroengineering concepts that deal with the alteration of some global parameter, such as the greenhouse effect, atmospheric composition, insolation or impact flux.

Phenomena of atmospheric optics related to atmospheric ducting include the green flash, Fata Morgana, superior mirage, mock mirage of astronomical objects and the Novaya Zemlya effect.

In telecommunication, magneto-ionic double refraction is the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric ionization, whereby a linearly polarized wave entering the ionosphere is split into two components called the orinary wave and extraordinary wave.

* Astronomy in New Zealand Many atmospheric optical effect photos and descriptions

Vacuum operation should be used if the atmospheric temperatures required are above a few hundred degrees Celsius, as this often has a dramatic effect on boiling points ; significantly lowering them.

The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the latitude of the Azores, using the permanent favorable winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese venturing increasingly farther from shore, the maneuver that became known as the " volta do mar " ().

Ignoring the effect of atmospheric refraction, distance to the horizon from an observer close to the Earth's surface is about

This has enabled scientists to measure a range of natural phenomena including the transport of air pollutants in the region and a marked decline since 1990 in the amount of atmospheric mercury pollution, an effect which has been attributed to the post-1989 closure of polluting factories in the former Eastern Bloc states.

In January 1597, De Veer became the first person to witness and record the atmospheric anomaly known as the Novaya Zemlya effect.

The second classification, chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals ( also known as biological weathering ) in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.

Movement is due to the pressure gradient force ( horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure ) and the Coriolis effect, caused by the earth spinning about its axis.

It is also asserted that Brunel failed to account for atmospheric refraction and the effect is visible a few days too early.

This is done to reduce the effect of frictional heating, and because unpredictable turbulence effects, atmospheric composition, and temperature make it difficult to accurately predict the decrease in speed that will result from any single pass.

Species which depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct because of the reduction in solar energy reaching the Earth's surface due to atmospheric particles blocking the sunlight.

Species that depended on photosynthesis declined or became extinct as atmospheric particles blocked sunlight and reduced the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface.

The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface albedo, reflecting more of the Sun's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature.

The despun section's instruments included the camera system ; the near infrared mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis ; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases ; and the photo-polarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy.

Since air is plentiful at the surface of the earth, the oxidizer is typically atmospheric oxygen, which has the advantage of not being stored within the vehicle.

Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from microscale limits to synoptic scale limits and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere.

Boundary layer meteorology is the study of processes in the air layer directly above earth's surface, known as the atmospheric boundary layer ( ABL ).

Significant fluxes of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are advected by turbulent motions .< ref > Garratt, J. R., < u > The atmospheric boundary layer </ u >, Cambridge University Press, 1992 ; ISBN 0-521-38052-9 .</ ref > Boundary layer meteorology includes the study of all types of surface – atmosphere boundary, including ocean, lake, urban land and non-urban land for the study of meteorology.

A surface atmospheric pressure of 4. 1 to 7. 0 millibars ( 410 to 700 pascals ) and daytime temperatures of − 100 degrees Celsius were estimated.

The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms, which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions.

Particle detectors can also be used to detect the emission of alpha ( α ) and beta ( β ) particles which often accompany the emission of a gamma photon but are less favourable, as these particles are only emitted from the surface of the sample and are often absorbed or attenuated by atmospheric gases requiring expensive vacuum conditions to be effectively detected.

The typical atmospheric pressure at the top of Olympus Mons is 72 pascal, about 12 % of the average Martian surface pressure of 600 pascal.

Although the average Martian surface atmospheric pressure is less than one percent of Earth's, the much lower gravity on Mars increases the atmosphere's scale height ; in other words, Mars's atmosphere is expansive and does not drop off in density with height as sharply as Earth's.

A peculiarity of Pellucidar's geography is that due to the concave curvature of its surface there is no horizon ; the further distant something is, the higher it appears to be, until it is finally lost in the atmospheric haze.

An open circuit diver whose breathing rate at the surface ( atmospheric pressure ) is 15 litres per minute will consume 3 x 15 = 45 litres of gas per minute at 20 metres.

While the surface of Venus is far too hot and features atmospheric pressure at least 90 times that at sea level on Earth, its massive atmosphere offers a possible alternate location for colonization.

In later chapters, I will show how this increase could lead to a 1 ° Celsius ( 1. 8 ° Fahrenheit ) average warming of the earth's surface ... Another form of atmospheric pollution results from ... atmospheric aerosols ... there is some evidence that atmospheric aerosols may have already affected the climate.

Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus ' upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick — the high atmospheric pressure would result in an " atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen " and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder.

It is theorized that, due to the atmospheric mixing that results, the air temperature perturbation within the UHI is generally minimal or nonexistent during the day, though the surface temperatures can reach extremely high levels.

The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through geologic time despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation ( insolation ), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric albedo.