The lapse rate is defined as the rate of decrease with height for an atmospheric variable.

The atmospheric lapse rate describes the reduction, or lapse of air temperature that takes place with increasing altitude.

Although the actual atmospheric lapse rate varies, under normal atmospheric conditions the average atmospheric lapse rate results in a temperature decrease of 3. 5 ° F / 1, 000 ft ( 6. 4 ° C / km ) of altitude.

Although the atmospheric lapse rate ( also known as the environmental lapse rate ) is most often used to characterize temperature changes, many properties ( e. g., atmospheric pressure ) can also be profiled by lapse rates.

Because of decreasing atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude, the air expanded and adiabatically cooled at the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the point that the air reaches its adiabatic dew point ( which is not the same as its constant pressure dew point commonly reported in weather forecasts ).

* is the rate of change in atmospheric pressure with respect to height at the height h and is proportional to the buoyant force on the skydiver at h meters above sea level.

* is the rate of change in atmospheric pressure with respect to time at t seconds after the skydiver's jump and is proportional to the buoyant force on the skydiver at t seconds after his jump.

For example, suppose that we want to compute the rate of change in atmospheric pressure ten seconds after the skydiver jumps.

An open circuit diver whose breathing rate at the surface ( atmospheric pressure ) is 15 litres per minute will consume 3 x 15 = 45 litres of gas per minute at 20 metres.

Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are not expected to have important effects on future phytoplankton productivity.

As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat, atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate, resulting in the formation of water droplets.

He first investigated the rate of decrease in mean temperature with the increase in elevation above sea level, and afforded, by his inquiries regarding the origin of tropical storms, the earliest clue to the detection of the more complicated law governing atmospheric disturbances in higher latitudes ; while his essay on the geography of plants was based on the then novel idea of studying the distribution of organic life as affected by varying physical conditions.

The wide range of estimates is explained mostly by underlying uncertainties in the science of climate change ( e. g., the climate sensitivity, which is a measure of the amount of global warming expected for a doubling in the atmospheric concentration of ), different choices of discount rate, different valuations of economic and non-economic impacts, treatment of equity, and how potential catastrophic impacts are estimated.

Wind speed, or wind velocity, is a fundamental atmospheric rate.

The player's control of the planet in the game is quite comprehensive ; display panels allow the player to regulate everything from atmospheric gases, with percentages to three decimal places, to the rate of continental drift, to the rate of reproduction and mutation of lifeforms.

The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant as it is determined by the Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles.

For example the extremes of high altitude ( low atmospheric pressure ) combined with extreme cold allow extremophile organisms to survive.

In telecommunication, magneto-ionic double refraction is the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric ionization, whereby a linearly polarized wave entering the ionosphere is split into two components called the orinary wave and extraordinary wave.

The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory AOGCMs represent the pinnacle of complexity in climate models and internalise as many processes as possible.

# Industrial N-fixation: Under great pressure, at a temperature of 600 C, and with the use of an iron catalyst, hydrogen ( usually derived from natural gas or petroleum ) and atmospheric nitrogen can be combined to form ammonia ( NH < sub > 3 </ sub >) in the Haber-Bosch process which is used to make fertilizer and explosives.

The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

By 3 p. m. CDT, it had become evident that a widespread severe weather event was imminent ; the Storm Prediction Center upgraded locations within the moderate risk area to a high risk of severe weather around 4 p. m. CDT as wind shear profiles, combined with volatile atmospheric conditions, had made conditions highly conducive for a significant tornadic event across most of Oklahoma, southern Kansas and north Texas, including the likelihood of damaging tornadoes.

In the U. S. Weather Bureau in Washington, DC he combined theoretical work on atmospheric turbulence with the establishment of the first weather service for civil aviation.

The prevailing hypothesis is that the PDO is caused by a " reddening " of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) combined with stochastic atmospheric forcing .< ref name =" Newman 2003 ">

The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

Thus, any edge drought effects on plants must be due to combined effects of reduced soil moisture and higher atmospheric demand exceeding the supplying power of vascular systems, rather ecosystem-level water shortage.

Lastly, Newton attempts to extend the results to the case where there is atmospheric resistance, considering first ( Problem 6 ) the effects of resistance on inertial motion in a straight line, and then ( Problem 7 ) the combined effects of resistance and a uniform centripetal force on motion towards / away from the center in a homogeneous medium.

The atmospheric medium, by which we are surrounded, contains not only combined electricity, like every other form of matter, but also a considerable quantity in a free and uncombined state ; sometimes of one kind, sometimes of the other ; but as a general rule it is always of an opposite kind to that of the Earth.

In addition, it seeks a Torque Equilibrium Attitude ( TEA ), in which the combined torque contribution of gravity gradient, atmospheric drag, solar pressure, and geomagnetic interactions are minimized.

Once assembled, the combined vehicle would offer the benefits of enhanced operating space for the crew, along with the traditional necessities of the ' hard ' spacecraft docked to it, such as atmospheric re-entry.

By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.

The structures are made from a golden material, and are capped with a crystal that replicates the atmospheric conditions of the Masters ' home planet.

He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern day standards.

Usually, boiling points are published with respect to atmospheric pressure ( 101. 325 kilopascals or 1 atm ).

* Chemical vapor deposition with atmospheric plasma

Before the impact, models of Jupiter's atmosphere had indicated that the break-up of the largest fragments would occur at atmospheric pressures of anywhere from 30 kilopascals to a few tens of megapascals ( from 0. 3 to a few hundred bar ), with some predictions that the comet would penetrate a layer of water and create a bluish shroud over that region of Jupiter.

However, many of the methods can work more effectively with space-based telescopes that avoid atmospheric haze and turbulence.

Together with density it is an important element influencing the yield of the energy transmitted for both atmospheric overpressure and ground acceleration.

Gas forges vary in size and construction, from large forges using a big burner with a blower or several atmospheric burners to forges built out of a coffee can utilizing a cheap, simple propane torch.

Thus, a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime.

He was renowned as a big-hitting batsman, though with a classical technique of playing straight, and as a fast-medium paced swing bowler who could be very effective when atmospheric conditions favoured his style.

* 1978 – The Great Blizzard of 1978, a rare severe blizzard with the lowest non-tropical atmospheric pressure ever recorded in the US until October 2010, strikes the Ohio – Great Lakes region with heavy snow and winds up to 100 mph ( 161 km / h ).

Because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive stage of development, and the ongoing issues with leaks, Watt restricted his use of high pressure steam – all of his engines used steam at near atmospheric pressure.

With David Angel's atmospheric string and horn arrangements giving the work a conceptual underpinning, Lee explores mainstream America's penchant for paranoia (' The Red Telephone ') and violence (' A House Is Not a Motel ') with songs that are as sonically subtle and lilting as they are lyrically blunt and harrowing.

The proposed railway would have been an atmospheric railway with trains pushed through tunnels by compressed air.

When a meteoroid enters the atmosphere, frictional, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gasses cause the body to heat up and emit light, thus forming a fireball, also known as a meteor or shooting / falling star.

Effects of reflection, polarization, scattering, diffraction, and atmospheric absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave propagation.

However, it is likely that most of the atmospheric carbon was CO < sub > 2 </ sub > with perhaps some CO and the nitrogen mostly N < sub > 2 </ sub >.

The latitude of the North Pole is 90 ° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 ° S. Historically, mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and sight reduction tables to take out error for height of eye and atmospheric refraction.

Gamma rays, however, are not absorbed or attenuated by atmospheric gases, and can also escape from deep within the sample with minimal absorption.

The chemical processes that affect the removal are dependent on the ability of atmospheric chemistry to oxidize the smoke, via reactions with oxidative species such as ozone and nitrogen oxides, both of which are found at all levels of the atmosphere.

Although the average Martian surface atmospheric pressure is less than one percent of Earth's, the much lower gravity on Mars increases the atmosphere's scale height ; in other words, Mars's atmosphere is expansive and does not drop off in density with height as sharply as Earth's.