However, a series of reforms were undertaken in the 1990s, which resulted in the consolidation of the banking sector and in the privatization of all state banks.

The konvertibilna marka ( convertible mark or BAM )- the national currency introduced in 1998-is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased.

Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down ; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector.

The Burkinabé financial system represents 30 % of the country ’ s GDP and is dominated by the banking sector, which accounts for 90 % of total financial system assets.

These were popular as branch terminals to the B5500 / 6500 / 6700 systems, which sold well in the banking sector, where they were often connected to non-Burroughs mainframes.

Much of the banking sector was nationalized.

Chile's financial sector has grown quickly in recent years, with a banking reform law approved in 1997 that broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks.

In June 2012 the Cypriot finance minister Vassos Shiarly stated that the European Central Bank, European commission and IMF officials are to carry out an in-depth investigation into Cyprus ' economy and banking sector to assess the level of funding it requires.

The primary function of a central bank is to manage the nation's money supply ( monetary policy ), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis.

In some countries a central bank through its subsidiaries controls and monitors the banking sector.

Many countries such as the United States will monitor and control the banking sector through different agencies and for different purposes, although there is usually significant cooperation between the agencies.

Although the commercial banking sector is largely profitable, mostly owing to income from foreign exchange transactions, the sector is burdened by a high proportion of non-performing loans.

Much of the economic growth in the 1980s was based on debt financing, and the debt defaults led to a savings and loan crisis. A total of over 10 billion euros were used to bail out failing banks, which led to banking sector consolidation.

In the banking sector worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting and exposing operational, credit and market risks.

The Honduran financial sector is small in comparison to the banking systems of its neighbors.

Some 7 – 8 % of GDP was needed to bail out failing banks and force banking sector consolidation.

Indonesia enjoyed stronger fundamentals with the authorities implemented wide-ranging economic and financial reforms, including a rapid reduction in public and external debt, strengthening of corporate and banking sector balance sheets and reducing bank vulnerabilities through higher capitalization and better supervision.

Jordan has a developed banking sector that attracts investors due to conservative bank policies that enabled the country to weather the global financial crisis of 2009.

The economy of Lebanon is a developing economy, with a private sector that contributes to 75 % of aggregate demand and a large banking sector that supports this demand.

In 2009, a budget deficit of 5 % resulted from government measures to stimulate the economy, especially the banking sector, as a result of the world economic crisis.

Political stability, good communications, easy access to other European centres, skilled multilingual staff, a tradition of banking secrecy and cross-border financial expertise have all contributed to the growth of the financial sector.

Private to public equities arbitrage is a term which can arguably be applied to investment banking in general.

The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and offshore banking.

Blackjack, also known as twenty-one, is the most widely played casino banking game in the world.

The term is frequently used by scholars and in popular culture to identify secret military, banking, or political actions aimed at " stealing " power, money, or freedom, from " the people ".

In other countries banking supervision is carried out by a government department such as the UK Treasury, or an independent government agency ( for example, UK's Financial Services Authority ).

The implication of this attack is that all data encrypted using current standards based security systems such as the ubiquitous SSL used to protect e-commerce and Internet banking and SSH used to protect access to sensitive computing systems is at risk.

The firm is one of twenty-one primary dealers who trade U. S. government securities directly with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and is also involved in investment banking, asset management, market data and brokerage services.

30 % of Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.

In 1963 Friedman and Schwartz proposed a positive feedback loop as a mechanism for catastrophic failures in economics: “ It happens that a liquidity crisis in a unit fractional reserve banking system is precisely the kind of event that trigger-and often has triggered-a chain reaction.

Another way is by their application area, for example: accounting, music compositions, movies, banking, manufacturing, or insurance.

Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking ; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one ’ s gender.

For the merchant, cash out is a way of reducing their net cash takings, saving on banking of cash.

The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve, and informally as the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States.

This practice is called fractional-reserve banking.

A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U. S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve:

The banking sector is highly concentrated with the five largest banks accounting for over 70 % of lending in 2002.

The banking sector is highly concentrated, with four banks holding a significant majority market share:

The Polish banking sector, the largest in central and eastern Europe as well as the largest and the most highly developed sector of the country ’ s financial markets, is regulated by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority.

Considered by some economists to be a rare and extreme form of recession, a depression is characterized by its length ; by abnormally large increases in unemployment ; falls in the availability of credit, often due to some kind of banking or financial crisis ; shrinking output as buyers dry up and suppliers cut back on production and investment ; large number of bankruptcies including sovereign debt defaults ; significantly reduced amounts of trade and commerce, especially international ; as well as highly volatile relative currency value fluctuations, most often due to devaluations.

The financial services sector of the economy is highly important, given Andorra ’ s status as a tax haven and its banking secrecy laws.

Hence in recent years the relationship between investment banking and research has become highly regulated, requiring a Chinese wall between public and private functions.

A common practice is for equity analysts to initiate coverage of a company in order to develop relationships that lead to highly profitable investment banking business.

Critics also argued that specialized, highly competitive commercial and investment banking firms were more efficient in competitive global markets.

Helen Garten argued that bank regulation became dominated by “ consumer ” issues, which produced “ a largely unregulated, sophisticated wholesale market and a highly regulated, retail consumer market .” In the 1980s Representative Fernand St. Germain ( D-RI ), as chairman of the House Banking Committee, sought to tie any Glass-Steagall reform to requirements for free or reduced cost banking services for the elderly and poor.

SPARK is a formally-defined computer programming language based on the Ada programming language, intended to be secure and to support the development of high integrity software used in applications and systems where predictable and highly reliable operation is essential either for reasons of safety ( e. g., avionics in aircraft / spacecraft, or medical systems and process control software in nuclear powerplants ) or for business integrity ( for example financial software for banking and insurance companies ).

López Portillo undertook actions which were highly controversial with respect to the international banking establishment.

Full-reserve banking, also known as 100 % reserve banking, is a banking practice in which the full amount of each depositor's funds are kept in reserve, as cash or other highly liquid assets.

As its own home market was highly competitive, SBC focused on commercial banking for American and other multinational companies.

Unlike the banking system, however, it is unlikely i-brokers will be highly regulated.

Since the amount of liabilities ( such as deposits ) that a banking institution may have is limited to some multiple of its capital, this regulatory treatment is highly favorable and is why the trust preferred structure is favored by bank holding companies.

Chinese were also accused of producing poverty for the Thai peasant, charging astronomically high interest rates, when in reality, the Thai banking business was highly competitive.

It provides a range of postal, courier, direct marketing, banking, insurance and electronic services in a highly competitive European market.

As Senior vice-president and CIO of VTB Andrey Korotkov, among other highly relevant for contemporary banking sphere IT innovations, initiated the development of the unified VTB group technological policy and started the infrastructural information systems and banking services and applications integration aimed at the final Service Oriented Architecture implementation.

By the dawn of the new age of banking in the late 1970s and 1980s, when lending grew highly competitive and banks began vying for power and influence by buying each other, PNB was well positioned to compete.

The cost of data breaches " varies widely, ranging from $ 90 to $ 50, 000 ( under HIPAA's new HITECH amendment, that came about through the American Recovery and Revitalization act of 2009 ), as per customer record, depending on whether the breach is “ low-profile ” or “ high-profile ” and the company is in a non-regulated or highly regulated area, such as banking or medical institutions .” There is also a major backlash from the consumer if there is a data breach in a company that is supposed to be trusted to protect their private information.

A highly critical report by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp .( FDIC ) also found the institution had engaged in unsafe or unsound banking practices, including " operating without adequate supervision by its board of directors ", an excessive level of delinquent or bad loans, inadequate earnings and insufficient coverage of its assets.