Outputs of the posterior parietal cortex include the spinal cord, brain stem motor pathways, pre-motor and pre-frontal cortex, basal ganglia and the cerebellum.

Many studies now indicate that chronic treatment with antipsychotics affects the brain at a structural level, for example increasing the volume of the basal ganglia ( especially the caudate nucleus ), and reducing cortical grey matter volume in different brain areas.

* The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected structures in the forebrain.

The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection: they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors, and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition, so that the action-generating systems are able to execute their actions.

Reward and punishment exert their most important neural effects by altering connections within the basal ganglia.

However, in the brain ( part of the central nervous system ), the " basal ganglia " is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning.

Partly due to this ambiguity, the Terminologia Anatomica recommends using the term basal nuclei instead of basal ganglia.

* Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a subacute spongiform encephalopathy caused from prions involving the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia and the spinal cord.

The primary symptoms are the results of decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia, normally caused by the insufficient formation and action of dopamine, which is produced in the dopaminergic neurons of the brain.

Instead of a one or two step chain of processing, the visual signals pass through perhaps a dozen stages of integration, involving the thalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, superior colliculus, cerebellum, and several brainstem nuclei.

Aggregates of gray matter such as the basal ganglia ( caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens ) and brain stem nuclei ( red nucleus, substantia nigra, cranial nerve nuclei ) are spread within the cerebral white matter.

Research identifies the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia as crucial.

It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia.

However, many studies have been done on the basal ganglia and the interactions among the brain structures it comprises.

The putamen is the outer most portion of the basal ganglia.

The other parts of the basal ganglia include the dorsal striatum, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus.

In mammals, the basal ganglia are associated with motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning.

The basal ganglia are located on the left and right sides of the brain, and have rostral and caudal divisions.

The basal ganglia receive input from the cerebral cortex, via the striatum.

They can be considered the " entrance " to the basal ganglia.

However, it sends the input outside the basal ganglia to control head and eye movements.

However, mostly the GPi sends the inhibitory output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus.

In order to control movement, the putamen must interact with the other structures that make up the basal ganglia.

It was found that " increasing movement extent was associated with parallel increases of rCBF in bilateral basal ganglia ( BG ; putamen and globus pallidus ) and ipsilateral cerebellum.

Although most extant species of Asteraceae are herbaceous, the examination of the basal members in the family suggests that the common ancestor of the family was an arborescent plant, a tree or shrub, perhaps adapted to dry conditions, radiating from South America.

They are fast-growing deciduous trees growing to 25 – 45 m tall, with spreading branches and large ( 40 – 100 cm ) pinnate leaves with 15-41 long pointed leaflets, the terminal leaflet normally present, and the basal pairs of leaflets often lobed at their bases.

The leaves are alternate ( rarely opposite ), sometimes organized in basal rosettes ; in rare shrubby crucifers of Mediterranean their leaves are mostly in terminal rosettes, and may be coriaceous and evergreen.

Today, Carnivora is restricted to the crown group, and Carnivora and miacoids are grouped in the clade Carnivoramorpha, and the miacoids are regarded as basal carnivoramorphs.

Graphene edges provide significantly higher charge density and reactivity than the basal plane, but they are difficult to arrange in a three-dimensional, high volume-density geometry.

CNTs are readily aligned in a high density geometry ( i. e., a vertically aligned forest ) but lack high charge density surfaces — the sidewalls of the CNTs are similar to the basal plane of graphene and exhibit low charge density except where edge defects exist.

The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and do not fit into either tribe.

Above, it turns into an helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are parallel, and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers.

These arise from a basal body or kinetosome, with microtubule roots that are an important part of the cell's brain.

Their ears are large and have simple basal ridges and no marginal bursa.

The early Late Miocene Nakalipithecus nakayamai, described in 2007, and perhaps also its contemporary Ouranopithecus, are basal members of this clade, not assignable to any of the three extant tribes.

Extant species in the Cryptobranchidae family are the modern-day members of a lineage that extends back millions of years — the earliest fossil records of a basal species date back to the Middle Jurassic and were found in volcanic deposits in northern China.

These specimens are the earliest known relatives of modern salamanders, and together with the numerous other basal groups of salamanders found in the Asian fossil record, they form a concrete base of evidence for the fact that “ the early diversification of salamanders was well underway ” in Asia during the Jurassic period.

Changes in blood glucose level are compensated with adjustments in the morning basal rate.

These three components of the insulin regimen are commonly referred to as basal insulin, meal insulin, and high correction.

In an MDI regimen, long-acting insulins are preferred for basal use.

However, the clinical literature is very clear that patients whose basal insulin requirements tend not to vary throughout the day or do not require dosage precision smaller than 0. 5 IU, are much less likely to realize much significant advantage of pump therapy.

The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a basal group within the rosid group of dicotyledons ( not a member of eurosids I or eurosids II ).

Cleavage is not a universal property among minerals ; for example, quartz, consisting of extensively interconnected silica tetrahedra, does not have a crystallographic weakness which would allow it to cleavage, whereas micas — which have perfect basal cleavage — consist of sheets of silica tetrahedra which are very weakly held together.

The sheets are weakly bound by van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds, which causes a crystallographic weakness, in turn leading to a prominent basal cleavage among the phyllosilicates.