In West Africa, for example, where meat is a luxury and babies must be weaned early to make room at the breast for later arrivals, a childhood menace is kwashiorkor, or `` Red Johnny '', a growth-stunting protein deficiency ( signs: reddish hair, bloated belly ) that kills more than half its victims, leaves the rest prey for parasites and lingering tropical disease.

It is not having his baby nestled warm and fat against your breast and it is not having somebody that really gives a damn whether some tramp cracks your skull.

Additionally, they use breast meat while the original is frequently made with leftover chicken of all kinds including bones.

Among Classical Greeks, amazon was given a popular etymology as from a-mazos, " without breast ", connected with an etiological tradition that Amazons had their left breast cut off or burnt out, so they would be able to use a bow more freely and throw spears without the physical limitation and obstruction ; there is no indication of such a practice in works of art, in which the Amazons are always represented with both breasts, although the left is frequently covered ( see photos in article ).

The afflicted one is anointed with the sign of the cross on seven places: the forehead, the nostrils, the cheeks, the lips, the breast, the palms of both hands, and the back of the hands.

Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast, usually in women.

If an implant is used, the individual runs the same risks and complications as those who use them for breast augmentation but has higher rates of capsular contracture ( tightening or hardening of the scar tissue around the implant ) and revisional surgeries.

The use of acellular human or animal dermal grafts have been described as an onlay patch to increase coverage of the implant when the pectoral muscle is released, which purports to improve both functional and aesthtic outcomes of implant-expander breast reconstruction.

** Abdominal flaps The abdominal flap for breast reconstruction is the TRAM flap ( Transverse Rectus Abdominis Myocutaneous flap ) or its technically distinct variants of microvascular " perforator flaps " like the DIEP / SIEP flaps.

In a TRAM procedure, a portion of the abdomen tissue group, including skin, adipose tissues, minor muscles and connective tissues, is taken from the patient's abdomen and transplanted onto the breast site.

: This article is about the human breast.

The breast is the upper ventral region of the torso of a primate, in left and right sides, which in a female contains the mammary gland that secretes milk used to feed infants.

During pregnancy, the breast is responsive to a complex interplay of hormones that cause tissue development and enlargement in order to produce milk.

They are distributed throughout the body of the breast ; approximately two-thirds of the lactiferous tissue is within 30 mm of the base of the nipple.

In addition to the milk glands, the breast also is composed of connective tissues ( collagen, elastin ), white fat, and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments.

Sensation in the breast is provided by the peripheral nervous system innervation, by means of the front ( anterior ) and side ( lateral ) cutaneous branches of the fourth -, the fifth -, and the sixth intercostal nerves, while the T-4 nerve ( Thoracic spinal nerve 4 ), which innervates the dermatomic area, supplies sensation to the nipple-areola complex.

An example of true apocrine glands are mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk.

Micrograph showing apocrine metaplasia ( right bottom of image-light pink columnar epithelium ) in the context of fibrocystic breast changes.

The breasts are apocrine glands that produce milk for the feeding of infant children ; each breast has a nipple within an areola ( nipple-areola complex, NAC ), the skin color of which varies from pink to dark brown, and has sebaceous glands.

Surgically, the breast is an apocrine gland overlaying the chest — attached at the nipple and suspended with ligaments from the chest — which is integral to the skin, the body integument of the woman.

The pigment can also be excreted by glandular cells in apocrine and ceruminous sweat glands as well as breast and prostate tissue.

They give the breast its offspring-feeding functions as a mammary gland.

As a mammary gland, the breast is an inhomogeneous anatomic structure composed of layers of different types of tissue, among which predominate two types, adipose tissue and glandular tissue, which effects the lactation functions of the breasts.

The glandular tissue of the breast is biochemically supported with estrogen ; thus, when a woman reaches menopause ( cessation of menstruation ) and her body estrogen levels decrease, the milk gland tissue then atrophies, withers, and disappears, resulting in a breast composed of adipose tissue, superficial fascia, suspensory ligaments, and the skin envelope.

The lymphatic drainage of the breasts is especially relevant to oncology, because breast cancer is a cancer common to the mammary gland, and cancer cells can metastasize ( break away ) from a tumour and be dispersed to other parts of the woman ’ s body by means of the lymphatic system.

The round shape of the breast helps to limit the loss of maternal body heat, because milk production depends upon a higher-temperature environment for the proper, milk-production function of the mammary gland tissues, the lactiferous ducts.

There are a number of surgical approaches to the removal of the thymus gland: transsternal ( through the sternum, or breast bone ), transcervical ( through a small neck incision ), and transthoracic ( through one or both sides of the chest ).

The amount of estrogen needed to suppress this process is lower than that normally needed to stimulate the uterus and breast gland.

A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release of substances such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream ( endocrine gland ) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface ( exocrine gland ).

The breast: cross-section scheme of the mammary gland: 1.

The suckling stimulus also triggers the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland, which triggers milk let-down: Prolactin controls milk production ( lactogenesis ) but not the milk-ejection reflex ; the rise in prolactin fills the breast with milk in preparation for the next feed.

A2M – A2OGM – abasiophilia – ABC strategy – aberration – abortifacient – abortion – abortion pill – abruptio placentae – abstinence – abstinence movement – abstinence, be faithful, use a condom – abstinence-only sex education – abstinence-plus sex education – acault – acceleration of physical development – accessory breast – acmegenesis – acomoclitism – acquaintance rape – acrosomal reaction – acrosome – acrotomophilia – act of union – ACTH – acupressure – Adam's apple – addiction – adelphic polyandry – adelphogamy – adipophilia – adolescence – adolescent gynecomastia – adrenal cortex – adrenal gland – adrenocortical hormone – adrenogenital syndrome – adult service provider – adultery – adulthood – affinity ( canon law ) – afterbirth – agalmatophilia – agape – age disparity in sexual relationships – age of consent – aging and sexuality – agonophilia – agony aunt – AIDS – AIDS in Africa – AIDS in Asia – AIDS in India – AIDS in Latin America – AIDS in the United States – AIDS test – Alberta Eugenics Board – albutophilia – algolagnia – algophilia – alienation of affections – alimony – alley catting – alliance theory – allure – altocalciphilia – amateur pornography – ambiguous genitalia – ambisexual – ambisexuality – amelotasis – amelotatist – amenorrhea – amenorrhoea – American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists – amoebiasis – amor lesbicus – ampallang piercing – ampulla of ductus deferens – ampulla of uterine tube – amputation fetish – amputee fetishism – amputeeism – amputees – amygdala – anabolic steroid – anaclitism – anal beads – anal bleaching – anal cancer – anal contraction – anal insert – anal intercourse – anal jewelry – anal masturbation – anal orgasm – anal penetration – anal sex – anal sphincter – anal stage – anal stretching – anal wart – anal wink – analinctus – analingus – analism – Ananga Ranga – anasteemaphilia – anasyrma – anatomy – Ancient Roman marriage – Androcur – androgen – androgen ablation – androgen antagonist – androgen insensitivity syndrome – androgen replacement therapy – androgen suppression – androgen-induced hermaphroditism – androgyne – androgynophilia – androgynous – androgyny – androidism – andrology – andromania – Andromeda – andromimesis – andromimetic – andromimetophilia – andropause – androphilia – androphobia – androstenedione – androstenone – anejaculation – anerotic – anesthesia fetishism – anhedonia – anililagnia – anilinctus – anilingus – anima – animal marriage – animal transformation fantasy – animus – anisonogamist – Annual Review of Sex Research – annulment – anocutaneous reflex – anonymous sex – anorexia nervosa – anorgasmia – anorgasmic – anovulation – anovulatory – antaphrodisiac – anterior commissure of labia – anthropology – anthropomorphic cartoons – anthropomorphism – anthropophagy – Anthropophyteia – anti-marriage law ( disambiguation ) – anti-miscegenation law – anti-pornography movement – anti-prostitution movement – antiandrogen – anticipatory sororate – anus – apadravya piercing – apartment wrestling – aphallia – aphrodisiac – apodysophilia – apophasis – aposthia – apotemnophilia – appendix of the epididymis – appendix testis – aquaphilia – Arab marriage customs – arab strap ( sexual device ) – Archives of Sexual Behavior – Areoi – areola – areola mammae – arranged marriage – Ars Amatoria – artificial birth control – artificial insemination – artificial insemination by donor – artificial vagina – asceticism – asexual – asexuality – asian fetish – aspermatism – aspermia – asphyxiaphilia – asphyxiophilia – ass to mouth – assortative mating – Astroglide – atonement – attachment disorder – attachment insecurity – attraction to disability – atypical gender role – auctions – auspicious wedding date – autagonistophilia – autassassinophilia – autoabasiophilia – autoagonistophilia – autoassassinophilia – autoerotic – autoerotic asphyxia – autoerotic death – autoerotic fatalities – autoerotica – autoeroticism – autofellatio – autoflagellation – autogynephilia – autogynephilic – automasochism – automonosexualism – autonepiophilia – autonomic nervous system – autopederasty – autophilia – autosadism – autosexuality – aversion therapy – avisodomy – avunculocal residence – axillary intercourse – axillism – axon – azoospermia –

bacchá – bachelor – bachelor party – bachelorette – backroom – bacterial vaginosis – badger game – Bahá ' í marriage – balanitis – ball gag – ball stretcher – ballbusting – ballet boots – bann – barebacking – barfine – Barr body – barrier contraception – barrier method – Bartholin's abscess – Bartholin's cyst – Bartholin's ducts – Bartholin's gland – basal body temperature – basal temperature – bastard – bastardy – bath house – BDSM – bear community – beard ( female companion ) – beau – behavioral imprinting – belly dancing – belonephilia – Ben Wa balls – benign prostatic hyperplasia – benign prostatic hypertrophy – Benjamin scale – Harry Benjamin – berdache – Berkley Horse – Theresa Berkley – best man – bestiality – beta-lipotropin – betrothal – betrothal gift – bi-curious – bi-sexualism – bi-sexuality – biastophilia – bidet – bigamist – bigamy – Billings ovulation method – bilocal residence – bindings ( sexology ) – biogenic amine – biorhythm – bipara – biparous – birth control – bisexuality – bit gag – biting ( sexology ) – blackroom ( gay club ) – Ray Blanchard – blanket sleeper fetish – blastocyst – blastula – blended orgasm – blindfold – blindfolding ( sexology ) – blitz rape – Iwan Bloch – blood fetish – blood sport ( BDSM ) – blood test – blood-testis barrier – blow job – blow-job – blue balls – bodice-ripper – body dysmorphic disorder – body fluid – body hair – body image fixation – Body integrity identity disorder – body integrity identity disorder – body modification – body of penis – body painting – body piercing – body worship – bondage – bondage and discipline – bondage harness – bondage hood – bonobo – boot fetishism – booty call – bordello – borderline self-mutilator – Ernest Borneman – Boston marriage – bottom – bottom ( BDSM ) – bottom ( sex ) – bottoming – boyfriend – bra – brachio-rectal sex – brachioproctic eroticism – brachiovaginal eroticism – bradycubia – branding persons – brassiere – breaking the hymen – breaking the wine glass – breakthrough bleeding – breast – breast augmentation – breast cancer – breast expansion fetishism – breast implant – breast ironing – breast reduction – breast shaping – breath control play – breech birth – breeder ( slang ) – bremelanotide – Brenner tumor – bridal night – bridal sedan – bridal shower – bride – bride burning – bride kidnapping – bride price – bride wealth – bridegroom – brideprice – brideservice – bridesmaid – bridewealth – broad ligament of the uterus – brothel – brothel keeper – brothel prostitution – Buck's fascia – Buddhist marriage customs – Buddhist view of marriage – Buddhist views of homosexuality – bugarrón – bugchasing and giftgiving – buggery – bukkake – bulb of penis – bulbocavernosus muscle – bulbocavernosus reflex – bulbospongiosus muscle – bulbourethral gland – bulemia – bulimia – bundling – bunny boiler – Richard Francis Burton – buru sera – burusera – butch – butt fucking – butt plug – buttered bun ( sexual practice ) – butterfly sex position –

Furthermore, one form of breast cancer, lobular cancer, has a growth pattern that produces shadows on the mammogram which are indistinguishable from normal breast tissue.

BRCA1 (; breast cancer 1, early onset ) is a human caretaker gene that produces a protein called breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, responsible for repairing DNA.

Furthermore, periareolar implantation produces a greater incidence of capsular contracture, severs the milk ducts and the nerves to the nipple, thus causes the most post-operative functional problems, e. g. impeded breast feeding.

Surgical post-mastectomy breast reconstruction requires general anaesthesia, cuts the chest muscles, produces new scars, and requires a long post-surgical recovery for the patient.

The traditional, surgical techniques for breast reduction remodel the breast mound using a skin and glandular ( breast tissue ) pedicle ( inferior, superior, central ), and then trim and re-drape the skin envelope into a new breast of natural size, shape, and contour ; yet it produces long surgical scars upon the breast hemisphere.

The skin pedicle maintains the innervation and vascular viability of the NAC, which produces a reduced, sensitive breast with full lactational capability and function.

After cutting and removing the requisite quantities of tissue ( glandular, adipose, skin ), the nipple-areola complex is transposed higher upon the breast hemisphere ; thereby the inferior pedicle technique produces an elevated bust with breasts that are proportionate to the woman's person.

The breast reduction performed with the vertical-scar technique usually produces a well-projected bust featuring breasts with short incision scars and a nipple-areola complex ( NAC ) elevated by means of a pedicle ( superior, medial, lateral ) that maintains the biologic and functional viability of the NAC.

* Third, an enzyme in breast milk called lipoprotein lipase produces increased concentration of nonesterified free fatty acids that inhibit hepatic glucuronyl transferase, which again leads to decreased conjugation and subsequent excretion of bilirubin.