Distally the bronchus is situated between a pulmonary artery on one side and a pulmonary vein on the other, as in type 1 ( ( fig. 24 ).

Here the pulmonary vein, as in type 2,, is noted to draw away from the bronchus, and to follow a more direct, independent course to the hilum ( figs. 23, 24 ).

In type 1 the pulmonary vein closely follows the course of the bronchus and the pulmonary artery from the periphery to the hilum.

The right vagus then crosses anteriorly to the right subclavian artery and runs posterior to the superior vena cava and descends posterior to the right main bronchus and contributes to cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexuses.

* Lymph nodes of the lungs: The lymph is drained from the lung tissue through subsegmental, segmental, lobar and interlobar lymph nodes to the hilar lymph nodes, which are located around the hilum ( the pedicle, which attaches the lung to the mediastinal structures, containing the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the main bronchus for each side, some vegetative nerves and the lymphatics ) of each lung.

Behind the pulmonary artery is the bronchus.

This is termed the eparterial branch of the bronchus, because it arises above the right pulmonary artery.

The left lung is then easily accessible and can be removed by cutting the bronchus, artery, and vein at the hilum.

The bronchus now passes below the artery, and is known as the hyparterial branch ; it divides into two branches for the middle and lower lobes.

The lung of most reptiles has a single bronchus running down the centre, from which numerous branches reach out to individual pockets throughout the lungs.

The use of the pancreas, liver, kidney, gall bladder, lung and even bronchus of various farm animals together with herbs in Chinese medicine have strong empirical theories and studies are being conducted to try to understand their nature in modern scientific terms.

Infiltration commonly begins in the perihilar region ( where the bronchus begins ) and spreads in a wedge-or fan-shaped fashion toward the periphery of the lung field.

Tumour is on the left, obstructing the bronchus ( lung ).

It is formed by the union of the ascending lumbar veins with the right subcostal veins at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra, ascending in the posterior mediastinum, and arching over the right main bronchus posteriorly at the root of the right lung to join the superior vena cava.

In right middle lobe syndrome ( also known as Andy Wilson's Disease ), the middle lobe of the right lung contracts, usually because of pressure on the bronchus from enlarged lymph glands and occasionally a tumor.

Generally the right middle and lower lung lobes are the most common sites of infiltrate formation due to the larger caliber and more vertical orientation of the right mainstem bronchus.

The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.

It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.

They incorporate an endotracheal lumen which terminates in the trachea and an endobronchial lumen, the distal tip of which is positioned 1 – 2 cm into the right or left mainstem bronchus.

Even though the cross-sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger.

A bronchus ( plural bronchi, adjective bronchial ) is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

The bronchus branches into smaller tubes, which in turn become bronchioles.

The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.

The right main bronchus subdivides into three lobar bronchi, while the left main bronchus divides into two.

While the left mainstem bronchus departs from the trachea at an angle, the right mainstem bronchus is almost a vertical continuation of the trachea.

* If food, liquids, or foreign bodies are aspirated, they often will lodge in the right mainstem bronchus.

* If the endotracheal tube used for intubation is inserted too far, it usually lodges in the right mainstem bronchus.

Image: Tertiary bronchus. JPG | Cross sectional cut of primary bronchiole

Mainstem bronchus < BR > 3.

Lobar bronchus < BR > 4.

Segmental bronchus < BR > 5.

The pulmonary artery, in addition to supplying the distal portion of the respiratory bronchiole, the alveolar duct, and the alveoli, continues on and directly supplies the thin pleura ( fig. 8 ).

It does, as in type 1,, supply the hilar lymph nodes, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, the bronchi, and the bronchioles -- terminating in a common capillary bed with the pulmonary artery at the level of the respiratory bronchiole.

As seen in types 1, and 2,, it supplies the hilar lymph nodes, vasa vasorum to the pulmonary artery and vein, the bronchi and the terminal bronchioles.

This was accounted for primarily by the presence of a bronchial artery closely following the pulmonary artery.

In distal regions its diameter would be one-fourth to one-fifth that of the pulmonary artery.

As early as 1913 Ghoreyeb and Karsner demonstrated with perfusion studies in dogs that bronchial artery flow would remain constant at a certain low level when pressure was maintained in the pulmonary artery and vein, but that increases in bronchial artery flow would occur in response to a relative drop in pulmonary artery pressure.

Our own studies in which bronchial artery-pulmonary artery anastomoses were demonstrated, were accomplished by injecting the bronchial artery first with no pressure on the pulmonary artery or vein, and then by injecting the pulmonary artery and vein afterwards.

In type 3, this general relationship is maintained peripherally but not centrally where the pulmonary vein follows a more independent path to the hilum as is the case throughout the lung in type 2.

Some impairment in lung function is almost universally seen in patients with diffuse scleroderma on pulmonary function testing ; however, it does not necessarily cause symptoms, such as shortness of breath.

Medical terms related to the lung often begin with pulmo -, such as in the ( adjectival form: pulmonary ) or from the Latin pulmonarius (" of the lungs "), or with pneumo-( from Greek πνεύμων " lung ").

Respiratory Therapists are also primary clinicians in conducting tests to measure lung function and teaching people to manage asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder among many other cardiac and lung functions.

Internationally, respiratory therapists that provide lung function testing are termed respiratory scientists, but in North America they may be a respiratory therapist or may also be a certified pulmonary function technician in the United States.

A common example being the usage of inhalers in the treatment of inflammatory lung conditions such as Asthma or Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( Emphysema ).

Other symptoms include coughing up blood ( hemoptysis ), high blood pressure in the lung ( pulmonary hypertension ), heart failure, difficulties getting enough oxygen to the body ( hypoxia ), and respiratory failure requiring support with breathing masks, such as bilevel positive airway pressure machines or ventilators.

Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation ; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis, usually due to infection but sometimes non infectious, that has the additional feature of pulmonary consolidation.

Other causes of lung cancer include secondhand smoke, air pollution, asbestos, and lung diseases like tuberculosis ( TB ) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ).

They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions.

:* Pulmonary oedema occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to remove blood via the pulmonary veins.

* Synchronized vital capacity, a pulmonary function measurement of lung capacity

Found in the lung parenchyma, the pulmonary alveoli are the terminal ends of the respiratory tree, which outcrop from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well.

Insufficient pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli can contribute to atelectasis ( collapse of part or all of the lung ).

Without pulmonary surfactant, atelectasis is a certainty ; however, there are other causes of lung collapse such as trauma ( pneumothorax ), COPD, and pleuritis.