In 1957 this total fell to five when one of the Liberal MPs died and the subsequent by-election was lost to the Labour Party, which selected the former Liberal Deputy Leader Lady Megan Lloyd George as its own candidate.

Under his leadership a Liberal revival began, marked by the Orpington by-election of March 1962 which was won by Eric Lubbock.

Taverne's Lincoln by-election campaign was also helped to a lesser degree by problems with the Conservative candidate, Monday Club chairman Jonathan Guinness.

In the Glasgow Hillhead by-election in March 1982, another candidate named Roy Jenkins was nominated by Labour Party activists to contest the seat in order to confuse voters and split his potential vote.

It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after the establishment of Winston Churchill's wartime coalition, although there had been the " Lib-Lab pact ", an agreement stopping short of a full coalition between the Labour and Liberal parties, from March 1977 until July 1978, when a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the October 1974 election.

He was returned at a by-election on 13 April 1978, an important victory which was seen as halting the rise of the Scottish National Party.

His parliamentary career began when he was elected MP for Bossiney, Devon in a 1581 by-election.

Clyne became chief minister until Eric Gairy was elected in a by-election and took the role in August 1961.

The growing importance of the working classes was marked by Keir Hardie's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888, leading to the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party, which was absorbed into the Independent Labour Party in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader.

Stephen Milligan was found dead having apparently auto-asphyxiated whilst performing a solitary sex act ( his Eastleigh seat was lost in what was to be an ongoing stream of hefty by-election defeats ).

Fraser was emboldened by a swing to the coalition in a by-election for the Division of Flinders.

Such speculation increased after Labour lost the 1983 Bermondsey by-election, in which Peter Tatchell was its candidate, standing against a Tory, a Liberal ( eventual winner Simon Hughes ) and the right wing John O ' Grady, who had declared himself the " real " Labour candidate and fought an openly homophobic campaign against Tatchell.

In a Outremont by-election in 1942, Trudeau campaigned for the anticonscription candidate Jean Drapeau ( later the Mayor of Montreal ), and he was thenceforth expelled from the Officers ' Training Corps for lack of discipline.

Having failed to win Solihull in 1945, he was elected to the House of Commons in a 1948 by-election as the Member of Parliament for Southwark Central, becoming the " Baby of the House.

He was more successful in 1982, being elected in the Glasgow Hillhead by-election as the MP for a previously Conservative-held seat.

His first was in 1963, when he contested the by-election in Stratford-upon-Avon caused by the resignation of John Profumo.

The SNP was founded in 1934, and has had continuous representation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom since Winnie Ewing's groundbreaking victory at the 1967 Hamilton by-election.

They next won a seat in 1967, when Winnie Ewing was the surprise winner of a by-election in the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton.

He was first elected to Parliament as a Liberal in a 1908 by-election, and was re-elected by acclamation in a 1909 by-election following his appointment as the first-ever Minister of Labour.

The by-election would have Reform put up billboards around her riding, one of which featured a pig at a trough with " SHEILA " marked on it ; and another with her picture and, " Promise to cut the GST: It worked last time!

He first won his seat for Labour in the 1997 general election, having contested the predecessor Littleborough and Saddleworth seat at a by-election in 1995, which was marked by Labour's particularly vicious and personal campaign, attacking the Liberal Democrat candidate, Chris Davies, as " high on tax and soft on drugs ".

His election marked the last time a government party was successful in winning a by-election until the election of Patrick Nulty of the Labour party in the Dublin West by-election in 2011.

At the party's first electoral contest, Jenkins narrowly failed to win a by-election at Warrington in July 1981, describing it as his " first defeat, but by far ( his ) greatest victory ".

Foot returned to parliament in 1960 at a by-election in Ebbw Vale in Monmouthshire, left vacant by Bevan's death.

In this by-election, he defeated Lokdal leader Sharad Yadav by more than 200, 000 votes.

The presidency is currently being filled by President Michael Sata who won the election against Rupiah Banda who was elected in a presidential by-election on 30 October 2008 following the death of Levy Mwanawasa in 2008.

Lloyd George was returned as Liberal MP for Carnarvon Boroughs — by a margin of 19 votes — on 13 April 1890 at a by-election caused by the death of the former Conservative member.

( The independent Liberal parliamentary leadership was briefly taken over by the unknown Donald Maclean until Asquith, who had lost his seat like other leading Liberals, returned to the House at a by-election ).

Due to discontent towards the proposal of political reform made by the Hong Kong government, the Civic Party and the League of Social Democrats joined together to carry out " Five Constituencies Referendum " in early 2010, by having one Legislative Councillors ( from either one of the parties ) in each constituency resigned, forcing the government to carry out a by-election, thus giving a chance for all voters to show their will towards universal suffrage and the abolishment of functional constituencies. Quite often, it is refereed as " De facto referendum ".

In his final year Heath was President of Balliol College Junior Common Room, an office held in subsequent years by his near-contemporaries Denis Healey and Roy Jenkins, and as such was invited to support the Master of Balliol Alexander Lindsay, who stood as an anti-appeasement ' Independent Progressive ' candidate against the official Conservative candidate, Quintin Hogg, in the Oxford by-election, 1938.

Heath, who had himself applied to be the Conservative candidate for the by-election, accused the government in an October Union Debate of " turning all four cheeks " to Hitler, and was elected as President of the Oxford Union in November 1938, sponsored by Balliol, after winning the Presidential Debate that " This House has No Confidence in the National Government as presently constituted ".

During 1965, this was reduced to a single seat as a result of by-election defeats, but in May 1966 Wilson called another general election and this time won it by a 96-seat majority.

He remained a Senator until, in accordance with the Westminster tradition that the Prime Minister is a member of the lower house of parliament, he resigned on 1 February 1968 in order to contest the House of Representatives by-election for the electorate of Higgins in south Melbourne ( necessitated by Holt's death ).

The “ Private Eye ” team were so disgusted by the Conservative Party ’ s machinations that they decided to run their own protest candidate in the Kinross and West Perthshire by-election.

The consequent Burwood by-election was won by the Labor Party.

The issue came to a head in May 2006 after the sudden resignation of the Liberal Party leader, Robert Doyle, when Kennett announced he would contemplate standing in a by-election for the seat vacated by Doyle and offering himself as party leader.

The party announced that it planned to change its name after the by-election due to voter hostility.

In a 1999 by-election, the constituency experienced the lowest voter turnout in post-war British history of 19. 6 %.

The party won Vitrolles, its fourth town, in a 1997 by-election, where similar policies were pursued.

The subsequent by-election took place on 13 September, where Gemma Welsh ( Scottish Labour ) was elected.

In both countries, actual by-elections where voters go to the polls to vote for their preferred candidate only take place to fill a vacancy in a constituency seat, such as on the death of Donald Dewar, which resulted in a by-election for the constituency of Glasgow Anniesland.

The sole exception to this pattern was the Newry and Armagh by-election, where Seamus Mallon of the Irish nationalist and pro Anglo-Irish Agreement Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) was able to take the seat.

Mitchel returned to Ireland where in 1875 he was elected in a by-election to be an MP in the British parliament representing the Tipperary constituency.

In 1907 Sinn Féin unsuccessfully contested a by-election in North Leitrim, where the sitting MP, one Charles Dolan of Manorhamilton, County Leitrim, had defected to Sinn Féin.

He narrowly lost the seat at the 1984 election but was returned to serve as an MEP in 1989 election where he sat with the regionalist Rainbow Group He also canvassed for IRA hunger striker Bobby Sands in the Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election, in which Sands was elected to Westminster.

From 1950 until 2010 Formby formed part of the constituency of Crosby, The MP for Crosby from 1997 until 2010 was Claire Curtis-Thomas, a member of the Labour Party, prior to her election the seat was generally considered to be a safe Conservative Party stronghold with Tory MP's elected at every election barring the Crosby by-election, 1981 where Shirley Williams of the Social Democratic Party was elected to represent the constituency.

The MP for Crosby from 1997 until 2010 was Claire Curtis-Thomas, a member of the Labour Party ; prior to her election the seat was generally considered to be a safe Conservative Party stronghold with Tory MPs elected at every election barring the Crosby by-election, 1981 where Shirley Williams of the Social Democratic Party was elected to represent the constituency.

From 1950 until 2010 Little Crosby was within the boundaries of the Crosby constituency, whose MP from 1997 till 2010 was Claire Curtis-Thomas, a member of the Labour Party, prior to her election the Crosby seat was generally considered to be a safe Conservative Party stronghold with Tory MP's elected at every election barring the Crosby by-election, 1981 where Shirley Williams of the Social Democratic Party was elected to represent the constituency.

From 1950 until 2010 Waterloo was within the boundaries of the Crosby constituency, whose MP from 1997 till 2010 was Claire Curtis-Thomas, a member of the Labour Party, prior to her election the Crosby seat was generally considered to be a safe Conservative Party stronghold, like its predecessor seat, with Tory MP's elected at every election barring the Crosby by-election, 1981 where Shirley Williams of the Social Democratic Party was elected to represent the constituency.

They were formed as a left-wing breakaway from the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) and contested the Dundee East by-election, 1973, where the number of votes they gathered, 1409 for their candidate George McLean, were greater than the Labour Party majority over the SNP candidate Gordon Wilson.

Boisclair had decided not to run in a by-election for the district of Sainte-Marie – Saint-Jacques in Montreal, the district where he lives and which includes Montreal's Gay Village.

At the height of the rebellion was the 1993 Christchurch by-election, where a Conservative majority of 23, 000 was turned into a Liberal Democrat majority of 16, 000.

Lait was a candidate for Strathclyde West for the 1984 European elections and the following year stood in the by-election for Tyne Bridge where she finished in third place behind David Clelland and Rod Kenyon.

However, Lamont's unpopularity did not necessarily affect Cameron: he was considered as a potential " kamikaze " candidate for the Newbury by-election, which includes the area where he grew up.

Clappison contested Bootle again at the November by-election where he was defeated heavily once more by the new Labour candidate Joe Benton to the tune of 19, 465 votes.

The Socialist Party unsuccessfully contested the 2011 Dublin West by-election, where its candidate Councillor Ruth Coppinger came third.

An exception to this was the 2009 Pembroke by-election where the Liberals stood candidate Vanessa Goodwin who won the seat.

For example, the song was used for Hong Kong's Five Constituencies Referendum where the pan-democrats tried to push for a by-election.

The suicide bomb attack was staged in Fetah Jhang, a small town in the north of the capital Islamabad, where he is contesting a by-election.

He was the SNP candidate in the 2000 Ayr by-election and was their candidate for Argyll and Bute at the 2003 where he came third.

Subsequent to the by-election, Ms. de Villiers was appointed Special Advisor to the Ontario Office for Victims of Crime where she continued to provide direct support to victims of crime and conduct research on issues that impact victimization.

He was the local Conservatives candidate in the 2004 Hartlepool by-election, where he came fourth.

The divisions reached a crisis at the Vauxhall by-election in 1989, where an NF candidate for each faction stood ( Patrick Harrington and Ted Budden ), splitting support and haranguing one another on live TV as the declaration of votes was made.