( 1988 ), the bystander effect ( failure to respond or offer assistance ) that tends to develop within groups faced with an emergency is significantly reduced in groups guided by a leader.

Researchers have documented the " bystander effect ": they found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a " stranger in distress ".

This can be seen with the misinformation effect, where an eye-witness account of an event can be influenced by a bystander account of the same event, or by suggestion via an authority figure.

The bystander effect or Genovese syndrome is a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases where individuals do not offer any means of help in an emergency situation to the victim when other people are present.

The bystander effect was first demonstrated in the laboratory by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1968 after they became interested in the topic following the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964.

General bystander effect research was mainly conducted in the context of non-dangerous, non-violent emergencies.

A 2006 study tested bystander effect in emergency situations to see if they would get the same results from other studies testing non-emergenices.

In one study the effects of masculinity and the bystander effect were studied.

The importance of taking responsibility explains why behaviours consistent with the bystander effect can be observed in situations even outside a typical crowd situation, such as a series of passers-by in a public place.

A 2011 meta-analysis of studies of the bystander effect reported that " The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous ( compared with non-dangerous ), perpetrators were present ( compared with non-present ), and the costs of intervention were physical ( compared with non-physical ).

" They also " identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers.

This practitioners ' study suggests that the " bystander effect " can be studied and analyzed in a much broader fashion.

The case of Kitty Genovese is often cited as an example of the " bystander effect ".

# redirect bystander effect

This " bystander killing " effect shows that great harm can be caused to the immune system even with a limited number of infected cells.

The crime is noted by psychology textbooks in later years for its demonstration of the bystander effect, although an article published in the New York Times in February 2004 indicated that many of the popular conceptions of the crime were instead misconceptions.

* John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrate the bystander effect.

This is known as the bystander effect.

This is explained by both bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility.

Reports of witnesses ' inaction prompted research into possible explanations, which helped develop the concepts of diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect.

* Greater Good Magazine article examines how to overcome the bystander effect

Runyon's short stories are told in the first person by a protagonist who is never named, and whose role is unclear ; he knows many gangsters and does not appear to have a job, but he does not admit to any criminal involvement, and seems to be largely a bystander.

In Ivanhoe, as in the Waverley novels, religious and sectarian fanatics are the villains, while the eponymous hero is a bystander who must weigh the evidence and decide where to take a stand.

Bedau writes, " There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e. g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation )... Such acts are often just a harassment and, at least to the bystander, somewhat inane ... The remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity.

Whether Nelly is an unbiased narrator and how far her actions, as an apparent bystander, affect the other characters are two points of her character discussed by critics.

Correctly performed bystander CPR has been shown to increase survival ; it is performed in less than 30 % of out of hospital arrests.

The concern is not depressurization ( a bullet hole will not depressurise an airliner ) but over penetration and damage to vital electrical or hydraulic lines, or injury to an innocent bystander by a bullet that travels through a target's body completely instead of stopping in the body.

Its focus is on who bystanders are, when they have helped, and how to intervene as a bystander in risky situations.

Outcomes show that program participation is associated with reductions in rape myth acceptance and increased bystander intervention ( Coker, Cook-Craig, Williams, Fisher, Clear, Garcia & Hegge, 2011 ).

This standard is also known as the reasonable bystander, reasonable third party, or reasonable person in the position of the party.

Another circumstance where the reasonable bystander test is used occurs when one party has inadvertently misstated the terms of the contract, and the other party sues to enforce those terms: if it would have been clear to a reasonable bystander that a mistake had been made, then the contract is voidable by the party who made the error ; otherwise, the contact is binding.

To clarify whether CRP is a bystander or active participant in atherogenesis, a 2008 study compared people with various genetic CRP variants.

In general, this is believed to happen because as the number of bystanders increases, any given bystander is less likely to notice the situation, interpret the incident as a problem, and less likely to assume responsibility for taking action.

The first step required for a bystander to intervene is that they notice the situation at all.

The importance of interpretations in determining the likelihood of bystander intervention is also illustrated in Latane and Darley ’ s smoke-filled room experiment.

Based on general altruism research which suggests that helping behaviour is more likely where there is similarity between the helper and the person being helped, recent research has considered the role of similarity, and more specifically, shared group membership, in encouraging bystander intervention.

In one study done by Abraham S. Ross, the effects of increased responsibility on bystander intervention were studied by increasing the presence of children.

These, and many other findings, which suggest that helping behaviour in general, and specifically bystander intervention is more likely in the context of shared group membership can be explained in terms of self-categorization and empathy.

The bystander phenomenon introduced by Darley and Latane ( 1968 ) demonstrates that group behavior causes individuals to monitor whether others think it is necessary to react in a situation and thus base their behavior on this judgment.

The police stood by and did nothing as a group assaulted a female teenager ; when a bystander, Kris Kime, attempted to protect her, the group beat him to death.

: Experimentes Latane and Darley ( 1970 ) tested their hypothesis about group size and bystander intervention in a convenience store outside New York City.

Later, after busting a group of midgets posing as Sunday school children, the cops go to the airport, where Brian sniffs out a bystander who is secretly carrying cocaine, furthering Brian's reputation.