Includes two novels by George Griffith, articles and stories by several authors, and game worlds based on flight ( and a war on the supernatural ), automata and calculating engines, space travel, and time travel.

For stationary and shaft engines including propeller engines, fuel consumption is measured by calculating the brake specific fuel consumption, which measures the mass flow rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced.

He draws on his own work on calculating engines to consider God as a divine programmer setting complex laws underlying what we think of as miracles, rather than miraculously producing new species on a Creative whim.

Pinky comes to the Captain's attention during the process of blasting holes in the asteroid for rocket engines when he realizes that a mistake has been made in calculating the size of the charge, preventing a catastrophic blast.

For calculating taxes in Japan, the displacement of Wankel engines is defined as the equivalent of 1. 5 times the nominal displacement, so the 1308 cc 13B engines are taxed as 1962 cc.

* Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.

* July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a " difference engine ", a forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions.

While at Clement's workshop he helped with the manufacture of Charles Babbage's calculating machine, the Difference engine.

* Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea ’ s notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.

In 1832 Charles Babbage proposed using similar cards to program and store computation by his calculating engine.

The recognised excellence of Clement's machine tools and his skill in precision engineering led to him being employed by Charles Babbage in 1823 to work on his project to design and build his mechanical calculating device, the difference engine.

Made of wood, his calculating clock was built in 1709 ; he destroyed it after hearing that Antonius Braun had received 10, 000 Guldens for dedicating a pinwheel machine of his own design to the emperor Charles VI of Vienna.

Babbage recognized that errors in previous tables were not the result of human calculating errors but from human error in the printing process.

* July 3-Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a " difference engine ", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions.

The fortress at Montjuïc, most southerly point from which measurements were made when calculating the History of the metre # Meridional definition | meridional definition of the metre

According to E. K. Hunt, classical liberals made four assumptions about human nature: People were " egoistic, coldly calculating, essentially inert and atomistic ".

There were also five unsuccesssful attempts to design a calculating clock in the 17th century.

The 18th century saw the arrival of some interesting improvements, first by Poleni with the first fully functional calculating clock and four-operation machine, but these machines were almost always one of the kind.

The early debates were made before the much greater calculating powers of modern computers became available but also before research on chaos theory.

Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive form of Celtic Christianity, in which abbots were more significant than bishops, attitudes to clerical celibacy were more relaxed and there was some significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity, particularly the form of tonsure and the method of calculating Easter, although most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-seventh century.

Mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations were then called " calculating machines ", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators.

His subsequent main astronomical works were in some sense only further developments of it, concerned with finding more precise inner and outer dimensions for the spheres by calculating the eccentricities of the planetary orbits within it.

These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with “ desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed .” For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2. 0 L / day for adult females and 2. 5 L / day for adult males.

For example, the margin of error in polling data is determined by calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be conducted multiple times.

From the 1830s until the 1940s, mechanical calculating machines such as adders and multipliers were built and improved, but they could not perform an " if / goto " and therefore are not true computers.

Perhaps aware that Hutcheson eventually removed his algorithms for calculating the greatest happiness because they “ appear ’ d useless, and were disagreeable to some readers ”

It appears, then, that confronted with the problem of calculating the relative diameter of the atoms of which, he was convinced, all gases were made, he used the results of chemical analysis.

* In 1964 the 10 ° CIE standard observer and its corresponding color matching functions as well as the new standard daylight illuminant D6500 were added, as well as a method for calculating daylight illuminants at correlated color temperatures other than 6500 kelvin.

She was important for calculating the passage of time and the calendar, due to the fact that many rituals were based upon the lunar calendar and adjusted to match the solar year.

Non-compatible machines highly inspired by BESK were SMIL made for the University of Lund, SAABs räkneautomat SARA, " SAAB's calculating machine ", and DASK made in Denmark.

The average tip amount as computed by IRS through calculating the average of credit card slips for fiscal years 1991 and 1992 were 14. 4 and 14. 29 % respectively.

For many mechanical data processing machines, such as the IBM punched card accounting machines, their calculating operations were directed by the use of a quick-swap control panel wired to route signals between module sockets.

Conversion to a single unit before calculating the ratio is required if the measurements were made in different units.

The basic calculating units had to be synchronized mechanically, so they were run by a 50-foot (~ 15. 5 m ) shaft driven by a five-horsepower ( 4 kW ) electric motor.

In 1769, in a letter to Benjamin Franklin, he wrote some observations on the expectation of lives, the increase of mankind, and the population of London, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions of that year ; in May 1770 he presented to the Royal Society a paper on the proper method of calculating the values of contingent reversions.

In the 20th Century, large assemblies of many differentials were used as analog computers, calculating, for example, the direction in which a gun should be aimed.

For example in India about 435 items were used for calculating the WPI in base year 1993-94 while the advanced base year 2004-05 uses 676 items.

Newton was the first to develop a mathematical model for calculating the speed of sound, but it was not correct until Pierre-Simon Laplace accounted for the molecular behavior of gases and introduced the heat capacity ratio.

Later, the Antikythera mechanism, invented some time around 100 AD in ancient Greece, was the first mechanical calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and configuration to perform calculations, which tracked the metonic cycle still used in lunar-to-solar calendars, and which is consistent for calculating the dates of the Olympiads.

The determination of molecular structure by geometry optimization became routine only after efficient methods for calculating the first derivatives of the energy with respect to all atomic coordinates became available.

But as the halting problem is not generally solvable, and therefore calculating any but the first few bits of Chaitin's constant is not possible, this just reduces hard problems to impossible ones, much like trying to build an oracle machine for the halting problem would be.

Their first calculator, the Loan Arranger ( 1978 ) was a pocket calculator marketed to the Real Estate industry with preprogrammed functions to simplify the process of calculating payments and future values.

Audibility of spectral components is determined by first calculating a masking threshold, below which it is estimated that sounds will be beyond the limits of human perception.

When calculating the difference in voltage, one must first manipulate the half-cell reactions to obtain a balanced oxidation-reduction equation.

With this work under his belt, Bessel was able to achieve the feat for which he is best remembered today: he is credited with being the first to use parallax in calculating the distance to a star.

The first example of such a use comes from the work of the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff, who published in 1845 his Kirchhoff's circuit laws for calculating the voltage and current in electric circuits.

Kitt Peak is famous for hosting the first telescope ( an old 91 cm reflector ) used to search for near-Earth asteroids, and calculating the probability of an impact with planet Earth.

In The Sign of the Four, Watson quotes Holmes as being " an automaton, a calculating machine ", and Holmes is quoted as saying, " It is of the first importance not to allow your judgement to be biased by personal qualities.

Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff first proposed a formula for calculating the osmotic pressure, but this was later improved upon by Harmon Northrop Morse.

It is measured by first calculating the total tree length of each partition and summing them.

The Antikythera mechanism, a device for calculating the movements of planets, dates from about 80 BC, and was the first ancestor of the astronomical computer.

The imaginary number, or imaginary unit, is also noted to have been first observed by Hero while calculating the volume of a pyramidal frustum.

A method of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter was first attempted by Jozef Petzval.

The very first calculating devices are believed to have been tally sticks.

One of the earliest known examples of a clockwork mechanism is the Antikythera mechanism, a first century BC geared astrolabe device for calculating star positions, recovered from a Greek shipwreck.

By 1872 Lord Kelvin devised an analogue computer to predict the tides, and by 1875 Frank Stephen Baldwin was granted the first US patent for a practical calculating machine that performs four arithmetic functions.

Vastly different from its predecessor and prequel La Fortune des Rougon, La Curée, the portion of the game thrown to the dogs after a hunt, usually translated as The Kill-is a character study of three personalities: Aristide Rougon ( renamed " Saccard ")-- the youngest son of the ruthless and calculating peasant Pierre Rougon and the bourgeois Félicité ( by whom he is much spoiled ), both of them Bonapartistes and consumed by a desire for wealth, Aristide's young second wife Renée ( his first dying not long after their move from provincial Plassans to Paris ) and Maxime, Aristide's foppish son from his first marriage.

The full title of the first edition was The doctrine of chances: or, a method for calculating the probabilities of events in play ; it was published in 1718, by W. Pearson, and ran for 175 pages.