To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first summit level canals were developed with the Grand Canal of China in 581 – 617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the Stecknitz Canal in Germany in 1398.

Possible examples of mistaken discoveries caused by this bias are Martian " canals ", N rays, polywater, and cold fusion.

However, problems with canals and floods caused by hurricanes forced engineers to rethink their drainage plans.

Wealthy city families left the cities in the summer, escaping " canal fever " which caused illness from the putrid canals.

Perhaps the best example of the inefficiencies caused by these rivalries is Worcester Bar in Birmingham, a point where the Worcester and Birmingham Canal and the Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line were only seven feet apart, with no technical reasons why the canals could not be connected.

During the early 20th century, especially in the 1920s and 1930s, many canals, mostly in rural areas, were abandoned due to falling traffic, caused mainly by competition from road transport.

Asphalt streets burst into flame, and fuel oil from damaged and destroyed ships, barges, and storage tanks spilled into the waters of the canals and the harbor caused it to ignite as well.

The earthquake that hit Lisbon, Portugal in 1755 caused seiches 2, 000 miles ( 3, 000 km ) away in Loch Lomond, Loch Long, Loch Katrine and Loch Ness in Scotland and in canals in Sweden.

William Kenneth Hartmann, a Mars imaging scientist from the 1960s to the 2000s, explains the " canals " as streaks of dust caused by wind on the leeward side of mountains and craters.

His promotion of railroads and his alleged involvement in several scandals caused him to lose popularity as his opponents, who favored the creation of canals, considered railroads to be a fantasy idea.

While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward, the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult: since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration, one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from such that are caused by gravity.

It is probably caused by pieces that have broken off otoliths have slipped into one of the semicircular canals.

It may also be caused by a congenital defect ( a congenital diaphragmatic hernia ), Bochdalek's hernia, in which the pleuro-peritoneal membranes ( especially the left ) will fail to develop & seal the pericardio-peritoneal canals.

The pointed apex " at the junction of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals " is caused by the near linearity of the canals and closely resembles the condition of modern crocodiles.

Most often, it is caused by ground-water pumping from coastal wells, or from construction of navigation channels or oil field canals.

* the excessive, irreversible loss of riverine habitat caused by the construction of dams, barrages, irrigation canals, siltation, changes in river course, artificial embankments, sand-mining, riparian agriculture, and domestic and feral livestock, which have combined to cause an extreme limitation to gharial range.

The low lying area is dependent on canals and dams whose damage during 2010 caused waters from Lake Sarisu to flood several of the region's villages.

In 1664, 24, 148 people were buried in Amsterdam and people assumed the plague was caused by the digging of new canals.

It is due mainly to oil companies placing piping under the ground and not properly covering it afterward, as well as salt water intrusion caused by navigation canals dug by those same oil companies.

His knowledge of hydraulics caused him to be frequently consulted with respect to the management of canals and other watercourses in various parts of Europe.

The infraorbital canal usually projects into the cavity as a well-marked ridge extending from the roof to the anterior wall ; additional ridges are sometimes seen in the posterior wall of the cavity and are caused by the alveolar canals.

Vertigo caused by problems with the inner ear or vestibular system, which is composed of the semicircular canals, the otolith ( utricle and saccule ), and the vestibular nerve is called " peripheral ", " otologic " or " vestibular " vertigo.

The opening of the Sankey Canal in 1757, followed by the Bridgewater Canal in 1761, which halved the price of coal in Liverpool and Manchester England, respectively, triggered a period of " canal mania " in Britain so that between 1760 and 1820 over one hundred canals were built.

It had only succeeded in raising £ 625, 000, which was less than the purchase price of the canals.

The Rijksmuseum estimates that P. Oortman spent twenty to thirty thousand guilders on her miniature house, which was nearly the price of a real house along one of Amsterdam ’ s canals at that time.

The factory system, and textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution triggered a process of unplanned urbanisation in the area, and by the mid-19th century Ashton had emerged as an important mill town at a convergence of newly constructed canals and railways.

More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the Naviglio Grande built between 1127 and 1257 to connect Milan with the Ticino River.

The Erie Canal ( as well as other canals ) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across America.

As city-states began to grow, their spheres of influence overlapped, creating arguments between other city-states, especially over land and canals.

Its canals will shorten the distances of the world: they will narrow commercial ties between Europe, America and Asia ; and bring to such fortunate region the tributes of the four parts of the globe.

The boundary between the first and the second is characterised by risorgive springs, typical of the Padan Plain which supply fresh water both to the rivers and to a dense network of irrigation canals.

* National Water Carrier of Israel located in Israel, is a 130 km long system of giant pipes, open canals, tunnels, reservoirs and large scale pumping stations to transfer water from the Sea of Galilee in the north of the country to the highly populated center and arid south, built between 1953 and 1964.

The tour, almost 200 km in length, is conducted on frozen canals, rivers and lakes between the eleven historic Frisian cities: Leeuwarden, Sneek, IJlst, Sloten, Stavoren, Hindeloopen, Workum, Bolsward, Harlingen, Franeker, Dokkum, then returning to Leeuwarden.

By the 7th century AD, Chach had over 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads.

Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of straits, they are not usually referred to as such.

: Amiens is also known for the hortillonnages, gardens on small islands in the marshland between the River Somme and River Avre, surrounded by a grid network of man-made canals ( locally known as " rieux ").

Subsequently, canals were cut between Saint-Omer, the trading centre formerly at the head of the estuary and three places to the west, centre and east on the newly formed coast, respectively Calais, Gravelines and Dunkirk.

He tackled four places between Lough Derg and Lough Ree where natural navigation was obstructed, by installing lateral canals and either pound locks or flash locks.

Settlers had canals dug between the bayous to decrease travel time within the parish and make trade more efficient.

The emperor also developed an extensive network of roads and canals connecting the provinces to improve trade between them.

Their intent: to pump some of sand and shells from the bottom of the bay and thus enlarge and raise the ground level of the three keys Doc Waldron had purchased from the State and join them to create one large island intersected with canals between the sections.

In 1827, Seth Leavenworth pushed the state legislature to establish a rail link between his town and the new state capitol ( only recently relocated to Indianapolis from nearby Corydon ), believing that railroads were more efficient and desirable than canals ( though trains at this time moved not much faster than barges.

Diversion canals were constructed between 1961 and 1963, though occasional flooding still occurs, notably in 1993.

It was the disparity in boat sizes between the Calder and Hebble and the Rochdale canal which made Sowerby Bridge ( at the junction of the two canals ) so important: long boats coming over from Lancashire had to have their cargoes unloaded, stored, and transferred to shorter boats at Sowerby Bridge Wharf.

The Roman period also possibly saw some drainage efforts, including the Car Dyke along the western edge of the Fenland between Peterborough and Lincolnshire, but most canals were constructed for transportation.

James, who had owned shares in the Company since 1793, had a wide interest in turnpike roads and railways, and following a tour of the north of England between 1802 and 1804, on which he investigated railways and canals, he expanded his business interests to include coal mining.

* Wey and Arun Canal-the two canals together being intended to give secure inland waterway access between London and the naval base at Portsmouth.

The stretch of the river between this lock and the junction with the Oder – Havel Canal is administered as part of the Obere – Havel – Wasserstraße, along with various connecting canals and waterways.

Water transport on rivers and canals carried many farm goods from the US frontier between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River in the early 19th century, but the shorter road route over the mountains had advantages.