It suggests that during the next several months, through the spring of 1961, the demand for long-term capital funds may be moderately lower and that interest rates may tend to move a little lower, especially the rates on Federal, state, and local bonds, as well as those on publicly offered corporate bonds.

However, as witnessed by the large corporate bond calendar at present, as well as the record amount of municipal bond issues approved by voters, the over-all demands for capital funds seem likely to remain high, so that any downward pressure on rates from reduced demand should not be great.

Accordingly, during the Sixties our national economy is likely to grow at as fast a rate as in the Fifties and, in the process, to require enormous amounts of capital funds.

According to Blair ( 1997 ) British Steel faced serious problems at the time of its formation, including obsolescent plants ; plants operating under capacity and thus at low efficiency ; outdated technology ; price controls that reduced marketing flexibility ; soaring coal and oil costs ; lack of capital investment funds ; and increasing competition on the world market.

In corporate finance, a company's capital structure is the total mix of financing methods it uses to raise funds.

The working capital requirements of a business are monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.

Published lists of the amounts earned by top managers use estimates based on factors such as the fees charged by their funds and the capital they are thought to have invested in them.

Many investment funds use leverage, the practice of borrowing money or trading on margin in addition to capital from investors.

Hedge funds are privately-owned pools of investment capital with regulatory limits on the number and type of investor that each fund may have.

Hedge funds raise capital via private placement under Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, which means the shares are not registered.

The central government allocates funds to all regions of the country, but the capital region receives the bulk of these funds.

Although trusts are often associated with intrafamily wealth transfers, they have become very important in American capital markets, particularly through pension funds ( essentially always trusts ) and mutual funds ( often trusts ).

The team claimed that part of the Palestinian leader's wealth was in a secret portfolio worth close to $ 1 billion, with investments in companies like a Coca-Cola bottling plant in Ramallah, a Tunisian cell phone company and venture capital funds in the US and the Cayman Islands.

Although members contribute capital to the IBRD, the Bank acquires funds primarily by borrowing on international capital markets by issuing bonds.

The IFC established IFC Asset Management Company LLC ( IFC AMC ) in 2009 as a wholly owned subsidiary to manage all capital funds to be invested in emerging markets.

The AMC manages capital mobilized by the IFC as well as by third parties such as sovereign or pension funds, and other development financing organizations.

Whereas the IBRD acquires most of its funds by raising capital on international financial markets, the IDA heavily depends on contributions from its member states.

Peter Drucker described the U. S. system of regulated pension funds providing capital to financial markets as " pension fund socialism ".

The main entities seeking to raise long term funds on the primary capital markets are governments ( which may be municipal, local or national ) and business enterprises ( companies ).

According to a 2012 Financial Times article, hedge funds are increasingly making most of the short term trades in large sections of the capital market ( like the UK and US stock exchanges ), which is making it harder for them to maintain their historically high returns, as they are increasingly finding themselves trading with each other rather than with less sophisticated investors.

Money markets allow firms to borrow funds on a short term basis, while capital markets allow corporations to gain long-term funding to support expansion.

Financial capital or just capital in finance and accounting, refers to the funds provided by lenders ( and investors ) to businesses to purchase real capital equipment for producing goods / services.

In poorer countries, foreign aid may fill the gap while in rapidly developing economies a capital account surplus often off-sets a current-account deficit.

The U. S. Government receives all of the system's annual profits, after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid, and an account surplus is maintained.

In a similar way, a nation may also have a surplus ' balance of trade ' because it exports more than it imports but a negative ( or deficit ) ' balance of payments ' because, it has a much greater shortfall in transfers of capital.

And, just as easily, a deficit in the ' balance of trade ' may be offset by a larger surplus in capital transfers from overseas to produce a Balance of Payments surplus overall.

Additionally, his argument that profits are generated only through surplus labour has been challenged by the counterclaim that profits also come from investments in human capital and technology.

Rather than standards of national wealth which are rationalized in terms of first-world development, industrialization, capital and assets appreciation, trade surplus or deficit ; the measure of a country's wealth in Mohism is a matter of sufficient provision and a large population.

Market socialism refers to an array of different economic theories and systems that utilise the market mechanism to organise production and to allocate factor inputs among socially owned enterprises, with the economic surplus ( profits ) accruing to society in a social dividend as opposed to private capital owners.

This analysis highlights the fact that the Soviet economy was structured upon the accumulation of capital and the extraction of surplus value from the working class by the planning agency in order to reinvest the surplus in new production in a perpetual cycle – or to distribute to managers and senior officials in the form of bonuses, indicating the Soviet Union ( and other Soviet-type economies ) were in reality state capitalist economies.

The surplus labour in these countries is the human resource available in more abundance than the tangible capital resource.

The problem of scarcity of tangible capital in the labour surplus countries can be resolved by accelerating the rate of human capital formation with both private and public investment in education and health sectors of their National economies.

Another example of a successful conglomerate is Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway, a holding company which used surplus capital from its insurance subsidiaries to invest in a variety of manufacturing and service businesses.

Urbanisation is one way to absorb the capital surplus ".

Britain's adoption of New Imperialism in the 1890s followed by its quick emergence as the front-runner in the scramble for African territories may be seen as a quest for captive markets or fields for investment of surplus capital, or ( somewhat more cynically ) as a primarily strategic or preemptive attempt to protect existing trade links and to prevent the absorption of its overseas markets into the imperial trading blocs of rival powers.

The " accumulation theory " adopted by Karl Kautsky, John A. Hobson and popularized by Vladimir Lenin centered on the accumulation of surplus capital during and after the Industrial Revolution: restricted opportunities at home, the argument goes, drove financial interests to seek more profitable investments in less-developed lands with lower labor costs, unexploited raw materials and little competition.

Hobson's analysis fails to explain colonial expansion on the part of less industrialized nations with little surplus capital, such as Italy, or the great powers of the next century — the United States and Russia — which were in fact net borrowers of foreign capital.

Since Ford had surplus capital on hand from the success of the Ford Thunderbird, a plan was developed to move Lincoln upmarket, with the Continental broken out as a separate make at the top of Ford's product line, and to add another make to the intermediate slot vacated by Lincoln.

The rapidly growing population but slowly growing amount of agricultural land largely prevented any significant capital surplus from developing, as almost all production was required for basic sustenance.

Schumacher first articulated the idea of " intermediate technology ," now known as appropriate technology, in a 1962 report to the Indian Planning Commission in which he described India as long in labor and short in capital, calling for an " intermediate industrial technology " that harnessed India's labor surplus.

But countries with trade surpluses would also be charged interest at 10 % if their surplus was more than half the size of their permitted overdraft, obliging them to increase their currency values and export more capital.

To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed in money, the amassment of wealth is possible on a larger and larger scale ( see capital accumulation and surplus product ).