The higher heat transfer rates at the anode compared with those at the cathode can be explained by the physical phenomena occurring in free burning arcs.

The word video in video game traditionally referred to a cathode ray tube ( CRT ) display device, but it now implies any type of display device that can produce two or three dimensional images.

Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions ( called cathode spots or anode spots ) are formed.

The current in a beam of cathode rays through a tube can be controlled by passing it through a metal screen of wires ( a grid ) to which a small voltage is applied.

High speed beams of cathode rays can also be steered and manipulated by electric fields created by additional metal plates in the tube to which voltage is applied, or magnetic fields created by coils of wire ( electromagnets ).

Although positively charged cations always move towards the cathode ( hence their name ) and negatively charged anions move away from it, cathode polarity depends on the device type, and can even vary according to the operating mode.

In 1898, Fritz Haber showed that definite reduction products can result from electrolytic processes if the potential at the cathode is kept constant.

This reaction can be driven in reverse by applying a voltage, resulting in the deposition of zinc metal at the anode and formation of copper ions at the cathode.

which is shown as reduction but, in fact, the SHE can act as either the anode or the cathode, depending on the relative oxidation / reduction potential of the other electrode / electrolyte combination.

The cathode catalyst is often made up of nickel but it can also be a nanomaterial-based catalyst.

Ionic compounds, if molten or dissolved, can conduct electricity because the ions in these conditions are free to move and carry electrons between the anode and the cathode.

Using a cold cathode gauge in gases with substantial organic components, such as pump oil fractions, can result in the growth of delicate carbon films and shards within the gauge that eventually either short-circuit the electrodes of the gauge or impede the generation of a discharge path.

It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by different factors in cathode ray tube ( CRT ) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed-element arrays.

The history of quantum chemistry essentially began with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete energy elements ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy and a numerical value called Planck ’ s Constant.

This allowed all the tubes to be heated through a common circuit ( which can as well be AC ) while allowing each cathode to arrive at a voltage independently of the others, removing an unwelcome constraint on circuit design.

High-purity nickel tubing and cathode coatings free of materials that can poison emission ( such as silicates and aluminium ) also contribute to long cathode life.

Another advantage is that these thrusters can use a wider variety of propellants supplied to the anode, even oxygen, although something easily ionized is needed at the cathode.

These electrons can be provided from a hot cathode filament and when accelerated in the electrical field of the cathode, fall to the anode ( Kaufman type ion thruster ).

Alternatively, the electrons can be accelerated by the oscillating electric field induced by an alternating magnetic field of a coil, which results in a self-sustaining discharge and omits any cathode ( radio frequency ion thruster ).

Each cathode can be made to glow in the characteristic neon red-orange color by applying about 170 volts DC at a few milliamperes between a cathode and the anode.

Internally the positively charged cations are flowing away from the anode ( even though it is negative and therefore would be expected to attract them, this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal / electrolyte systems ); but, external to the cell in the circuit, electrons are being pushed out through the negative contact and thus through the circuit by the voltage potential as would be expected.

The terms anode and cathode should not be applied to a Zener diode, since it allows flow in either direction, depending on the polarity of the applied potential ( i. e. voltage ).

Although modern cathode ray tubes used in televisions and computer displays have epoxy-bonded face-plates or other measures to prevent shattering of the envelope, CRTs must be handled carefully to avoid personal injury.

Using cathode ray tubes, Fred Williams would invent the Williams tube, which would be the first random access computer memory.

To release electrons into the tube, they first must be detached from the atoms of the cathode.

Researchers noticed that objects placed in the tube in front of the cathode could cast a shadow on the glowing wall, and realized that something must be travelling in straight lines from the cathode.

This came to be called the " cathode dark space ", " Faraday dark space " or " Crookes dark space ".

In 1869, German physicist Johann Hittorf was first to realize that something must be travelling in straight lines from the cathode to cast the shadows.

The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte ( even if the cell is galvanic, i. e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations ; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal / electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell ).

In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.

Items to be plated with pure metal are attached to and become part of the cathode in the electrolytic solution.

The filament may be bare, or more commonly ( as shown here ), embedded within and insulated from an enclosing cathode

The two electrodes must be electrically connected to each other, allowing for a flow of electrons that leave the metal of the anode and flow through this connection to the ions at the surface of the cathode.

To provide a complete electric circuit, there must also be an ionic conduction path between the anode and cathode electrolytes in addition to the electron conduction path.

Finally, the oxidized form of the metal to be reduced at the cathode, is written, separated from its reduced form by the vertical line.

The photoelectrons emitted from a circular segment of the cathode sphere are focused by the positive lens action of the two concentric spheres, pass through the ( negative ) lens formed by the anode aperture, and impinge upon the cathodoluminescent viewing screen.

For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na < sup >+</ sup > and Cl < sup >−</ sup > ( and conditions are right ) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode ( cathode ), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode ( anode ).

If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, the glass opposite of the negative electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from and travelling perpendicular to the cathode ( the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage supply ).

Cathode rays are so named because they are emitted by the negative electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube.

Since the electrons have a negative charge, they are repelled by the cathode and attracted to the anode.

In 1838, Michael Faraday passed a current through a rarefied air filled glass tube and noticed a strange light arc with its beginning at the cathode ( negative electrode ) and its end almost at the anode ( positive electrode ).

In a device which consumes power, the cathode is negative, and in a device which provides power, the cathode is positive:

* In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic cell, the cathode is the negative terminal, which sends current back to the external generator.

* In vacuum tubes ( including cathode ray tubes ) it is the negative terminal where electrons flow in from the wiring and through the tube's near vacuum, constituting a positive current flowing out of the device.

In an electrolytic cell, the cathode is where the negative polarity is applied to drive the cell.

When the cell is being charged, the anode becomes the positive (+) and the cathode the negative (−) electrode.

When the cell is being discharged, it behaves like a primary cell, with the anode as the negative and the cathode as the positive electrode.

In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity ( diodes, electrolytic capacitors ) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−).

There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode ( negative side ), a cathode ( positive side ) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell.

SOFCs are unique in that negatively charged oxygen ions travel from the cathode ( negative side of the fuel cell ) to the anode ( positive side of the fuel cell ) instead of positively charged hydrogen ions travelling from the anode to the cathode, as is the case in all other types of fuel cells.

All cavity magnetrons consist of a hot cathode with a high ( continuous or pulsed ) negative potential created by a high-voltage, direct-current power supply.

In his investigations of the conduction of electricity in low pressure gases, he discovered that as the pressure was lowered, the negative electrode ( cathode ) appeared to emit rays ( the so-called " cathode rays ", now known to be a stream of free electrons, and used in cathode ray display devices ).