The anatomy of each channel is composed of 2 frequencies.

Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, an bandpass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum.

The fact that in equivalent baseband models of communication systems, the signal spectrum consists of both negative and positive frequencies, can lead to confusion about bandwidth, since they are sometimes referred to only by the positive half, and one will occasionally see expressions such as, where is the total bandwidth ( i. e. the maximum passband bandwidth of the carrier-modulated RF signal and the minimum passband bandwidth of the physical passband channel ), and is the positive bandwidth ( the baseband bandwidth of the equivalent channel model ).

They differ by AM or FM sound modulation, signal polarization, relative frequencies within the channel, bandwidth, etc.

Adding any additional channels therefore needed to be done by inserting the extra signals into cable systems on nonstandard frequencies, typically either below VHF channel 7 ( midband ) or directly above VHF channel 13 ( superband ).

For example, in North America, " channel 2 " refers to the broadcast or cable band of 54 to 60 MHz, with carrier frequencies of 55. 25 MHz for NTSC analog video ( VSB ) and 59. 75 MHz for analog audio ( FM ), or 55. 31 MHz for digital ATSC ( 8VSB ).

Depending on the multinational bandplan for a given region, analog television channels are typically 6, 7, or 8 MHz in bandwidth, and therefore television channel frequencies vary as well.

* Television channel frequencies

Since NBC was the broadcast arm of radio set manufacturer RCA, its chief David Sarnoff approached his decisions as both a broadcaster and as a hardware executive ; NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on " clear channel " frequencies.

A baseband channel or lowpass channel ( or system, or network ) is a communication channel that can transfer frequencies that are very near zero.

In an equivalent baseband model of a communication system, the modulated signal is replaced by a complex valued equivalent baseband signal with carrier frequency of 0 hertz, and the RF channel is replaced by an equivalent baseband channel model where the frequency response is transferred to baseband frequencies.

Heterodyning is used very widely in communications engineering to generate new frequencies and move information from one frequency channel to another.

In large scale telecommunication networks such as telephone network trunks, microwave relay networks, cable television systems, and communication satellite links, large bandwidth capacity links are shared by many individual communication channels by using heterodyning to move the frequency of the individual signals up to different frequencies, which share the channel.

They can be used to recover a signal from a noisy communication channel, generate stable frequencies at a multiple of an input frequency ( frequency synthesis ), or distribute clock timing pulses in digital logic designs such as microprocessors.

Low frequencies are not easily localized in small rooms, hence many stereo and multichannel audio systems feature only one subwoofer channel and a single subwoofer can be placed off-center without affecting the perceived sound stage, since the sound produced is difficult to localize.

However, unless the sound tracks have been carefully mixed for a single subwoofer channel, it's possible to have some cancellation of low frequencies if bass information in one channel is out of phase with another.

Dolby Stereo 70 mm Six Track was a six channel film sound format introduced in 1976 that used two subwoofer channels for stereo reproduction of low frequencies.

" In actual practice, no one ( except the FCC ) uses these channel numbers ; the frequencies are used instead.

For this reason, in early experiments a special reaction channel was chosen to facilitate the identification: the interaction of an antineutrino with one of the hydrogen nuclei in the water molecules.

" Concurrently with these exceptions, Jehovah's Witnesses in their literature and assemblies have taught their leadership was personally chosen by Jesus Christ in 1919 ( a prophetic year in JW eschatology ) and that they are " God's sole channel on earth ", and " Jehovah's spirit directed organization ".

Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results.

The stored data can be used to maximize the chance that the best channel to link with a given partner will be chosen first.

This is one reason that the aviation industry, and others, have chosen to use AM for communications rather than FM, allowing multiple signals to be broadcast on the same channel.

# The ratio of the channel noise at any point in a transmission system to an arbitrary level chosen as a reference.

AT & T chose the single bit per frame not to reduce the required bit rate ( 1. 544 vs 1. 6 Mbit / s ), but because AT & T Marketing worried that " if 8 bits were chosen for OA & M function, someone would then try to sell this as a voice channel and you wind up with nothing.

This key can then be used with any chosen encryption algorithm to encrypt ( and decrypt ) a message, which can then be transmitted over a standard communication channel.

In 2005, an additional bid took place in channel 2, in which " Keshet " and " Reshet " were chosen to be the channel's broadcasts to the consequent decade.

It was chosen because, it was said, it was Turner's favorite movie – it would also be the first program on sister channel Turner Classic Movies in 1994.

Since there is no official export channel from Japan, Sharp offers no warranty or repair service outside Japan, so foreign buyers are dependent on their chosen reseller to handle repairs, usually by sending to their agent in Japan who acts as if the device was owned and used in Japan in order to have it repaired by Sharp, before sending it back to the owner.

The ABC Spark name was chosen to avoid viewer confusion and / or legal issues with the preexisting and unrelated Canadian channel Family, which is owned by competitor Astral Media, and carries programming from ABC Family sister network Disney Channel.

UKTV said the name of the channel was chosen in reference to the character in Red Dwarf known as Dave Lister.

The rotational alignment of the key wheels could be chosen by the sender at random, and provided to the receiver via a secure channel of communication.

From the tenth series the people who wanted to audition could also audition on YouTube, where people could record their audition and put it on the Big Brother YouTube channel, although a majority of the people chosen for stage 2 of the auditions are picked from the open auditions.

Let be a channel in the Heisenberg picture and be a chosen ideal channel.

After two years he was promoted to captain and chosen as flag captain for Vice-Admiral Lord Charles Beresford in the channel squadron, commanding HMS Majestic from 1903 – 1904 and HMS Caesar 1904 – 1905.

Since the checksum is computed after the symbol substitution the telegram contains extra shaping bits to allow the resulting checksum bits to be filled up in a way that only valid symbols of the chosen channel code are in the telegram where each symbol has 11 bits.

Many scripts contain nothing but long lists of pop-ups that send humorous or cute canned messages to the channel ; many of those messages take the form of a " slap ", ridiculing a victim chosen by the user.

Pain and Palliative Care Society, Kozhikode, has been chosen for a ‘ Person of the Year 2007 ’ award by Indiavision, a Kerala-based Malayalam television channel.

Since there were not that many commercial channels at the time, the Net 5 brand was partly chosen to compete directly with the RTL 5 channel.

Instead, the air interface scheduler determines the packet size, based upon constantly changing channel conditions, and upcalls RLP with the chosen packet payload size, right before transmission.

For example, if an office has two telephone operators who are both busy all the time, that would represent two erlangs ( 2 E ) of traffic ; or a radio channel that is occupied for one hour continuously is said to have a load of 1 Erlang.

The most fundamental results of this theory are Shannon's source coding theorem, which establishes that, on average, the number of bits needed to represent the result of an uncertain event is given by its entropy ; and Shannon's noisy-channel coding theorem, which states that reliable communication is possible over noisy channels provided that the rate of communication is below a certain threshold, called the channel capacity.

32-bit per channel images are used to represent values brighter than white ; these values can then be used to more accurately retain bright highlights when either lowering the exposure of the image or when it is seen through a dark filter or dull reflection.

The five hexagons below represent the five main channel islands: Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and Herm, and the ident is animated so that each hexagon appears in turn accompanied by one note of the jingle, along with the name.

The file format is most commonly used to represent the density of each colour channel of a scanned negative film in an uncompressed " logarithmic " image where the gamma of the original camera negative is preserved as taken by a film scanner.

Let X represent the space of signals that can be transmitted, and Y the space of signals received, during a block of time over the channel.

* A moderator may remove unsuitable contributions from the website, forum or IRC channel they represent in accordance with their moderation system.

In 2003, the song " Millim Laahava " (" Words for Love ") won at the national finals organized by the Israeli Broadcasting Authority (" IBA ") television channel, Channel One, against three other songs for the privilege to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003, due to his prominence and popularity on the Israeli popular music scene.

He developed around him a group of well educated young people, many English speaking, in order to establish an open communication channel to the West, and at the same time to represent Estonia more widely on the international scene.

Ajna has two white petals, said to represent the psychic channels, Ida and Pingala, which meet here with the central Sushumna nadi ( channel ) before rising to the crown chakra, Sahasrara.

In 1988, the RTL TV channel in Luxembourg invited Fabian to represent the country at the 33rd Eurovision Song Contest, held that year in Dublin, Ireland.

To provide a permanent channel for input from the enlisted force to their senior leadership, the Navy acted on a suggestion to create a " Leading Chief Petty Officer of the Navy " who would have a direct dialogue channel with all enlisted sailors and represent their interests.

A LGBT-themed channel named " Logo " led some viewers to think the " l " and the " g " referenced " lesbian " and " gay ", but according to company executives, the name does not represent anything, nor is it an acronym.

When a call was placed to a mobile, the idle tone would change to 1800 Hz " channel seize " tone ( the idle tone would appear on another frequency, if available ), and the 7 digit mobile number ( 3 digits of central office code and 4 digits of subscriber number ) would be sent out as rotary dial pulses, switching between 2000 and 1800 Hz to represent digits.

Nevertheless, some American cable providers have used Family's former " Paint and Sun " logo to represent the U. S. channel on program guides, and occasionally the reverse has occurred with ABC Family's Robertson-era logo as The Family Channel ( whose " Family " script is similar to the pre-1998 logo of the Canadian channel ) appearing in some Canadian listings.

By alternating each pixel's color value rapidly between two approximate colors in the panel's color space ( also known as Frame Rate Control ), a display panel which natively supports 18-bit color ( 6 bits per channel ) can represent a 24-bit " true " color image ( 8 bits per channel ).

The station's call letters, which are said to represent a " new era in broadcasting ," are shared with Dallas public television station KERA-TV channel 13 ; both are owned by North Texas Public Broadcasting Inc., a non-profit corporation registered in the state of Texas.

The visible lingams are in a rectangular enclosure with a channel flowing out, which is interpreted to represent the yoni as the " female principle ".

Models might represent ion concentration dynamics, channel kinetics, synaptic transmission, single neuron computation, oxygen metabolism, or application of dynamic system theory.