An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

The chief characteristics of the new order were the adoption of the nation in arms principle and the adoption of French war organization and tactics.

The short-lived Bolognese Republic, proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i. e., chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls.

For example, the word chief ( meaning the leader of any group ) comes from the Middle French chef (" head "), and its modern pronunciation preserves the Middle French consonant sound ; the word chef ( the leader of the cooks ) was borrowed from the same source centuries later, by which time the consonant had changed to a " sh "- sound in French.

The word caddie comes from the gascon Occitan capdèth or capdet, meaning chief then younger boy ( became cadet in French and refers to the Cadets de Gascogne: the captains serving in the French army in the 15th century who were the youngest sons of the aristocratic families of Gascony ).

Nine trade unionists are killed by French police at the instigation of Nazi collaborator Maurice Papon, then chief of the Paris Prefecture of Police.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, following the French Revolution of 1789, a hugely influential grimoire was published under the title of the Grand Grimoire, which was considered particularly powerful because it involved conjuring and making a pact with the Devil's chief minister, Lucifugé Rofocale, in order to gain wealth from him.

Investigators found that a bomb placed in the cargo hold by Chadian rebels backed by Libya was responsible for the explosion ; in 1999 a French court convicted six Libyans, including the former Libyan intelligence chief, Abdullah Senussi, in absentia, of planning and implementing the attack.

His works provided the chief inspiration for French and English comedies of the 1600s, and even for modern American comedy.

Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England.

When French police arrested Abu Daoud, one of the chief organizers of the Munich massacre, and inquired about extraditing him to Germany, Germany's justice secretary Alfred Seidl recommended that Germany should not take any action, causing the French to release Abu Daoud and the Assad regime to shelter him until he died at a Damascus hospital in 2010.

According to Stephen Kinzer's 2006 book Overthrow, in 1898 the chief of the French Canal Syndicate ( a group that owned large swathes of land across Panama ), Philippe Bunau Varilla, hired William Nelson Cromwell to lobby the U. S. Congress for the Panama Canal.

At this point, the French company's chief lobbyist ( and a major stockholder ), Philippe Bunau-Varilla went into action.

In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Boniface as a heretical criminal to the French clergy.

The chief of state is the French President, François Hollande, who is represented by Prefect Jean-Luc Marx.

The first French translation, of 464 quatrains in prose, was made by J. B. Nicolas, chief interpreter at the French Embassy in Persia in 1867.

Linant de Bellefonds, a French explorer of Egypt, became chief engineer of Egypt's Public Works.

* Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signs a treaty of protection with the chief on the large Teke tribe and begins to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.

French foreign minister and former UN Kosovo chief, Bernard Kouchner, warned that a unilateral declaration would split the European Union over recognition of the independence, whilst US State Department spokesman Sean McCormack commented that, ' There is nothing to be gained by short-circuiting the diplomatic process that is under way.

The valleys of the Debet and Akstafa rivers form the chief routes into Armenia from the north as they pass through the mountains.

Her chief center of worship was at Paphos, where the goddess of desire had been worshipped from the early Iron Age in the form of Ishtar and Astarte.

Some scholars have hypothesized an original Proto-Indo-European pantheon, with the chief male god ( Di -) represented by the sky and thunder, and the chief female god ( feminine form of Di -) represented as the earth or fertile soil.

Of its coins the most ancient bear the Phoenician inscription abdrt with the head of Melkart and a tunny-fish ; those of Tiberius ( who seems to have made the place a colonia ) show the chief temple of the town with two tunny-fish erect in the form of columns.

The term epískopos was not from the earliest times clearly distinguished from the term presbýteros (" elder ", " senior ", nowadays used to signify a priest ), but the term was already clearly used in the sense of the order or office of bishop, distinct from that of priest in the writings of Ignatius of Antioch ( died c. 108 ), and sources from the middle of the 2nd century undoubtedly set forth that all the chief centres of Christianity recognized and had the office of bishop, using a form of organization that remained universal until the Protestant Reformation.

When a man distinguished himself by deeds of valour, or any form of meritorious conduct, he was often decorated by a chief by being presented with the feathers of this bird.

Plans to form a Landsturm national militia in Eastern Germany as a last resort to boost fighting strength initially came from Oberkommando des Heeres chief General Heinz Guderian in 1944.

His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur ( Art forms of nature ).

Episcopal polity is a form of church governance that is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a bishop.

One of these offices was princeps senatus, (" first man of the Senate ") and became shortened into Augustus ' chief honorific, Princeps ( usually translated as " first citizen ") form which the modern English word and title prince is descended.

William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, chief engineer with the Edison Laboratories, is credited with the invention of a practicable form of a celluloid strip containing a sequence of images, the basis of a method of photographing and projecting moving images.

It is considered archaic now, as the terms " acidic " and " basic rock " were based on an incorrect idea, dating from the 19th century, that silicic acid was the chief form of silicon occurring in rocks.

The first and, for a long time, most popular theory regarding the composition of Greek fire held that its chief ingredient was saltpeter, making it an early form of gunpowder.

Bauxites are the chief aluminium ore, and are a heterogenous mixture of the hydroxide minerals diaspore, gibbsite, and bohmite ; they form in areas with a very high rate of chemical weathering ( mainly tropical conditions ).

Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes ( minimal meaningful units ) when they combine to form words.

Monarchy was the form of government of most tribes ; the supreme ruler was the chief, or cacique, who, surrounded by his princes, formed the nobility.

At the oracle of Dodona she will be called Diōnē ( the feminine form of Diós, genitive of Zeus, PIE * Dyaeus ; or of dīos, " godly ", literally " heavenly "), who represents the earth-fertile soil, probably the chief female goddess of the PIE pantheon.

* It is the chief form of carbohydrate stored in animal body.

In 1882, one of Steiner's teachers, Karl Julius Schröer, suggested Steiner's name to Joseph Kürschner, chief editor of an important new edition of Goethe's works, who asked Steiner to become the edition's natural science editor, a truly astonishing opportunity for a young student without any form of academic credentials or previous publications.

The chief public work he commissioned outside of Cairo was the large bridge at Giza, which intended to form an outwork of defense against a potential Moorish invasion.

Soon after however, a Parthian tribal chief called Arsaces invaded the Parthian territory around 238 BC to form the Arsacid Dynasty — the starting point of the powerful Parthian Empire.

Limestone is the chief form of calcium carbonate rock which is dissolved by water that contains carbon dioxide, forming a calcium bicarbonate solution in underground caverns.

The chief work of Severus is the Chronicle ( Chronica, Chronicorum Libri duo or Historia sacra, c. 403 ), a summary of sacred history from the beginning of the world to his own times, with the omission of the events recorded in the Gospels and the Acts, " lest the form of his brief work should detract from the honour due to those events ".

The ferries are jointly run by the railway companies of Tanzania and Uganda and form the chief means of transport between Tanzania and Uganda.