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The chromium ( III ) is excreted from the body, whereas the chromate ion is transferred into the cell by a transport mechanism, by which also sulfate and phosphate ions enter the cell.
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chromium and III
Trivalent chromium ( Cr ( III )) is required in trace amounts for sugar and lipid metabolism.
The relation between Cr ( III ) and Cr ( VI ) strongly depends on pH and oxidative properties of the location, but in most cases, the Cr ( III ) is the dominating species, although in some areas the ground water can contain up to 39 µg / liter of total chromium of which 30 µg / liter is present as Cr ( VI ).
Although no biological role for chromium has ever been demonstrated, dietary supplements for chromium include chromium ( III ) picolinate, chromium ( III ) polynicotinate, and related materials.
Water insoluble chromium ( III ) compounds and chromium metal are not considered a health hazard, while the toxicity and carcinogenic properties of chromium ( VI ) have been known for a long time.
Because of the specific transport mechanisms, only limited amounts of chromium ( III ) enter the cells.
Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium ( III ) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.
The proposed beneficial effects of chromium ( III ) and the use as dietary supplements yielded some controversial results, but recent reviews suggest that moderate uptake of chromium ( III ) through dietary supplements poses no risk.
In the body, chromium ( VI ) is reduced by several mechanisms to chromium ( III ) already in the blood before it enters the cells.
The first mechanism includes highly reactive hydroxyl radicals and other reactive radicals which are by products of the reduction of chromium ( VI ) to chromium ( III ).
chromium and is
Af appeared to be well suited for the study of these matters, since it is a normal paramagnet, with three unpaired electrons on the chromium, its crystal structure is very simple, and the unknown position of the hydrogen in the strong Af bond provides structural interest.
If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy.
In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.
Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.
The most prominent example of toxic chromium is hexavalent chromium ( Cr ( VI )).
Passivated chromium is stable against acids.
This mine is a kimberlite pipe, rich in diamonds, and the reducing environment helped produce both elemental chromium and diamond.
Naturally occurring chromium is composed of three stable isotopes ; < sup > 52 </ sup > Cr, < sup > 53 </ sup > Cr and < sup > 54 </ sup > Cr with < sup > 52 </ sup > Cr being the most abundant ( 83. 789 % natural abundance ).
In contrast, hexavalent chromium ( Cr ( VI ) or Cr < sup > 6 +</ sup >) is very toxic and mutagenic when inhaled.
The acute toxicity of chromium ( VI ) is due to its strong oxidational properties.
Primer paint containing hexavalent chromium is still widely used for aerospace and automobile refinishing applications.
the body centred cubic structure adopted by vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten is not a close packed lattice.
Emerald is a variety of the mineral beryl ( Be < sub > 3 </ sub > Al < sub > 2 </ sub >( SiO < sub > 3 </ sub >)< sub > 6 </ sub >) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium.
According to their patents, acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium ( which is used as the colorant ) from precipitating.
Trivalent chromium at low concentration is the source of the red fluorescence of ruby.
chromium and excreted
Also many other trace elements are excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is ( although measurements can vary fifteenfold ) zinc (), copper (), iron (), chromium (), nickel (), lead ().
chromium and from
However, Af adsorbs water from the atmosphere and this may account for the low chromium analysis and high total weight loss.
In the United States the dietary guidelines for daily chromium uptake were lowered from 50 – 200 µg for an adult to 35 µg ( adult male ) and to 25 µg ( adult female ).
The lawsuit claims that waste sludge from the production of leather, containing high levels of hexavalent chromium, was distributed to farmers in northwest Missouri to use as fertilizer on their fields.
It is also known as wet-blue for its color derived from the chromium.
Chromocene can be prepared from chromium hexacarbonyl by direct reaction with cyclopentadiene in the presence of diethylamine ; in this case, the formal deprotonation of the cyclopentadiene is followed by reduction of the resulting protons to hydrogen gas, facilitating the oxidation of the metal centre.
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French " inoxydable ", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5 % to 11 % chromium content by mass.
Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present.
Stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to form a passive film of chromium oxide, which prevents further surface corrosion and blocks corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure, and due to the similar size of the steel and oxide molecules they bond very strongly and remain attached to the surface.
The nearly landlocked Gulf of Pagasai provides a natural harbor at Volos for shipping the agricultural products from the plains just to the west and chromium from the mountains of Thessaly.
The gem results from small scale replacement of aluminium by chromium oxide, which is responsible for alexandrite's characteristic green to red color change.
One member of the team, Gregory Möller, also analyzed loose particles retrieved from the split down the middle of the map by a different method, finding that most of them were rich in titanium ( though a few black particles were rich in chromium and iron ).
The ivory furniture had chromium on it, and the enormous ivory drapes lay tumbled on the white carpet a yard from the windows.
Shot and shell used prior to and during World War I were generally cast from special chromium ( stainless ) steel that was melted in pots.
These minerals such as potassic richterite, chromian diopside ( a pyroxene ), chromium spinels, magnesian ilmenite, and garnets rich in pyrope plus chromium, are generally absent from most other igneous rocks, making them particularly useful as indicators for kimberlites.
Renald Guillemette and Clifford Spiegelman, Nagyvary managed to get hold of shavings from a Stradivarius violin and examined them: burning small amounts to find their chemical composition showed that the wood shavings contained " borax, fluorides, chromium and iron salts.
The gun is made from high strength Electro Slag Remelting ( ESR ) steel with a chromium alloy lining and, like earlier British 120 mm guns, it is insulated by a thermal sleeve.
In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required.
Most of these were simple records of patient and laborious analytical operations, and it is perhaps surprising that among all the substances he analysed he only detected two new elements, beryllium in 1798 in beryl and chromium in 1797 in a red lead ore from Siberia.
The plant genus Vauquelinia is named in his honor, as is the Vauquelin, an egg white foam associated with molecular gastronomy, and the mineral vauquelinite, discovered at the same mine as the crocoite from which Vauquelin isolated chromium.
However, wool has thio groups (- SH ) from the cystine amino acid, which act as reducing agent and can reduce hexavalent chromium of potassium dichromate to trivalent form.
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