Originally called Rijndael, the cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted to the AES selection process.

This announcement followed a five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was selected as the most suitable ( see Advanced Encryption Standard process for more details ).

The publication of the DES cipher by the U. S. National Bureau of Standards ( now National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST ) in 1977 was fundamental in the public understanding of modern block cipher design.

The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".

When the Data Encryption Standard cipher was released in 1977, a key length of 56 bits was thought to be sufficient.

There was speculation at the time, however, that the NSA has deliberately reduced the key size from the original value of 112 bits ( in IBM's Lucifer cipher ) or 64 bits ( in one of the versions of what was adopted as DES ) so as to limit the strength of encryption available to non-US users.

This time, IBM submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable — a cipher developed during the period 1973 – 1974 based on an earlier algorithm, Horst Feistel's Lucifer cipher.

In 1888, the Isis-Urania Temple was founded in London, where the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced.

In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.

IDEA is a minor revision of an earlier cipher, Proposed Encryption Standard ( PES ); IDEA was originally called Improved PES ( IPES ).

IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy ( PGP ) v2. 0, and was incorporated after the original cipher used in v1. 0, BassOmatic, was found to be insecure.

MediaCrypt AG is now offering a successor to IDEA and focuses on its new cipher ( official release on May 2005 ) IDEA NXT, which was previously called FOX.

* Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by the standard of his day, and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher which is now known as the Alberti cipher and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Disk.

The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle, for it was not properly used for several hundred years, the most significant advance in cryptography since before Julius Caesar's time.

Blowfish is a keyed, symmetric block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in a large number of cipher suites and encryption products.

* Grain ( cipher ), a stream cipher designed for restricted hardware environments and submitted to eSTREAM in 2004 by Martin Hellman et al.

In cryptography, he designed with Eli Biham the BEAR, LION and Tiger cryptographic primitives, and coauthored with Biham and Lars Knudsen the block cipher Serpent, one of the finalists in the AES competition.

He has also discovered weaknesses in the FISH cipher and designed the stream cipher Pike.

* Turing ( cipher ), a cryptographic stream cipher designed for CDMA

In cryptography, 3-Way is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen.

ISAAC ( acronym for indirection, shift, accumulate, add, and count ) is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator and a stream cipher designed by Robert J. Jenkins Jr. in 1996.

* Py ( cipher ), a stream cipher designed by Eli Biham and Jennifer Seberry

Feistel networks were first seen commercially in IBM's Lucifer cipher, designed by Horst Feistel and Don Coppersmith in 1973.

The compression function can either be specially designed for hashing or be built from a block cipher.

Because of these weaknesses, the XTEA cipher was designed.

In cryptography, XTEA ( eXtended TEA ) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA.

The block cipher was designed to be suitable for both software and hardware implementations, from low-cost smart cards to high-speed network systems.

Red Pike is a classified United Kingdom government cipher, proposed for use by the National Health Service by GCHQ, but designed for a " broad range of applications in the British government ".

Nebel designed the cipher to provide an army on the move with encryption more convenient than trench codes but still secure.

Whirlpool is a hash designed after the Square block cipher.

In cryptography, FEAL ( the Fast data Encipherment ALgorithm ) is a block cipher proposed as an alternative to the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ), and designed to be much faster in software.

In cryptography, WAKE is a stream cipher designed by David Wheeler in 1993.

Even a secure block cipher is suitable only for the encryption of a single block under a fixed key.

Until the invention of the VIC cipher, double transposition was generally regarded as the most complicated cipher that an agent could operate reliably under difficult field conditions.

In cryptography, modes of operation is the procedure of enabling the repeated and secure use of a block cipher under a single key.

This has allowed the Camellia cipher to become part of the OpenSSL Project, under an open-source license, since November 2006.

A large number of weak keys is a serious flaw in any cipher design, since there will then be a ( perhaps too ) large chance that a randomly generated one will be a weak one, compromising the security of messages encrypted under it.

It was the first crypto machine, developed under one centralized cryptologic organisation as a standard machine for all parts of the armed forces, and it was the first cipher machine to use electronics ( vacuum tubes ).

Following the 1922 Partition of Ireland, the Irish Free State continued to commission foundries to make boxes of similar design to those installed under Colonial rule, but without a royal cipher.

In cryptography, a related-key attack is any form of cryptanalysis where the attacker can observe the operation of a cipher under several different keys whose values are initially unknown, but where some mathematical relationship connecting the keys is known to the attacker.

For performance reasons, designers of stream ciphers try to keep that number of rounds as small as possible, but because determining the minimal secure number of rounds for stream ciphers is not a trivial task, and considering other issues such as entropy loss, unique to each cipher construction, related-IVs and other IV-related attacks are a known security issue for stream ciphers, which makes IV loading in stream ciphers a serious concern and a subject of ongoing research.

, djb's stream cipher " Salsa20 " was selected as a member of the final portfolio of the eSTREAM project, part of a European Union research directive.

Gilbert Vernam was an AT & T Bell Labs research engineer who, in 1917, invented a cipher system that used the Boolean " exclusive or " ( XOR ) function, symbolised by ⊕.

In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German-born physicist and cryptographer Horst Feistel who did pioneering research while working for IBM ( USA ); it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.

The research for the new cipher machine, designated MX-507, was initiated in 1945 by the Army Security Agency ( ASA ) as a successor for the SIGABA and the less secure Hagelin M-209.