The Council sought to: ( a ) bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen ; ( b ) free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence ; ( c ) clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs ; ( d ) re-establish the principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church ; ( e ) abolish the claim of the emperors to influence papal elections.

The claim of temporal power over all secular governments, including territorial claims in Italy, raises objection.

On the secular side, Canadians jocularly claim jolly fat Santa Claus due to the location of his North Pole home.

It is accepted as true by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that the Nephites existed, although secular archeologists and historians claim there is no external evidence to corroborate the account given of Nephite history in the Book of Mormon.

The last part of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century have seen a focused effort by artists who claim faith in Christ to re-establish art with themes that revolve around faith, Christ, God, the Church, the Bible and other classic Christian themes as worthy of respect by the secular art world.

In English law, the benefit of clergy ( Law Latin Privilegium clericale ) was originally a provision by which clergymen could claim that they were outside the jurisdiction of the secular courts and be tried instead in an ecclesiastical court under canon law.

Thus, an illiterate person who had memorized the appropriate Psalm could also claim the benefit of clergy, and Psalm 51 became known as the neck verse, because knowing it could save one's neck by transferring one's case from a secular court, where hanging was a likely sentence, to an ecclesiastical court, where both the methods of trial and the sentences given were more lenient.

The last part of the 20th and the first part of the 21st century have seen a focused effort by artists who claim faith in Christ to re-establish art with themes that revolve around faith, Christ, God, the Church, the Bible and other classic Christian themes as worthy of respect by the secular art world.

Their claim is that leftists in India are not truly secular since they appease minority communities ( such as Muslims or Christians in India ) at the expense of the interests of the Hindu community, and often at odds with modern ideas of secularism.

The Encyclopaedia Judaica and other secular academic sources claim that Rebbe Nachman saw himself as the Messiah.

The authenticity of his claim of authorship of the Zohar has been challenged by both secular and religious scholars.

This was a controversial position as some secular parties claim that it would undermine Israel's connections with worldwide, and especially American Jews.

Rabbi Kook developed a theological answer to that claim, which gave Zionism a religious legitimation: " Zionism was not merely a political movement by secular Jews.

Interestingly, Bhardwaj had made an appeal to secular parties to support him for the election, and claim support of Muslim political groups.

Its membership was overwhelmingly left-wing and professed to be secular, although the fairly obvious sectarian appeal of Jumblatt's Progressive Socialist Party ( PSP ) and some of the Sunni Arab nationalist organizations in some cases made this claim debatable.

Johnson's claim to impartiality has been contradicted by reviewers who state that " the driving force behind Johnson's book was neither fairness nor accuracy ", and that the claim of impartiality is contradicted by Johnson's stated aim " to legitimate the assertion of a theistic worldview in the secular universities ".

At issue was whether the Court should continue to inquire into the purpose behind a religious display and whether evaluation of the government's claim of secular purpose for the religious displays may take evolution into account under an Establishment Clause of the First Amendment analysis.

Despite secular Chinese histories dating the introduction of Buddhism in the 1st century, some apocryphal Buddhist texts and traditions claim earlier dates in the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BCE ) or Former Han Dynasty ( 208 BCE-9 CE ).

Critics of this view of Israel claim that Israel is a secular state which affords civil and political rights to all its citizens, including its large Arab minority who serve in the Knesset and on the Israeli Supreme Court.

Neither historical or dialectical materialism assert or imply a " uni-linear " view of human development although Marxism does claim a general and indeed accelerating secular trend of advancement, driven in the modern period by Capitalism.

" This means Muslims must not only refrain from worshipping anything other than God, they must not obey anything other than God: " anyone who serves someone other than God " — be that someone ( or something ) a priest, president, a parliament, or a legal statute of a secular state — " is outside God's religion, although he may claim to profess this religion.

An article published in 2007 made a claim for Roman military activity focused on what later became Dalton-in-Furness: the medieval secular capital of Furness.

Hegius's chief claim to be remembered rests not upon his published works, but upon his services in the cause of humanism.

Brumidi's son later maintained that Costaggini had compressed and mutilated his father's designs, ambitiously coveting a bit he could claim for his very own.

Instead of the expected `` annoyances '' due to the nature of his mission, he received many calling cards and invitations from `` gentlemen of mark, on whom I had no sort of claim, & have had many more invitations than I could accept ''.

Within fifty years from his death his societies could claim 50, 000 members.

The figure of Anubis itself contradicts any claim that Shrine 261 could be the Ark of the Covenant.

His theological works argued that religious experience is a fundamentally human impulse, not just a Jewish one, and that no religious community could claim a monopoly on religious truth.

Thus, in the Hindu schools, if a claim was made that could not be substantiated by appeal to the textual canon, it would be considered as ridiculous as a claim that the sky was green and, conversely, a claim which could not be substantiated via conventional means might still be justified through textual reference, differentiating this from the epistemology of modern science.

This prescribed a qualifying period of two years before savers could participate in a residual claim.

Once the opportunity to claim was presented by management the savers in particular could be relied upon to seize it.

As Holland has it: " For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally.

Mark Antony had been the most important and most successful senior officer in Julius Caesar's army ( magister equitum ) and, thanks to his military record, could claim a substantial share of the political support of Caesar's soldiers and veterans.

He also includes Ed Wood's claim that one of his films made a profit and surmises that it was most likely Bride of the Monster, but that Wood had oversold the film and could not reimburse the backers.

The research team reported that he did not consume any food or water during the testing periods, although they could not comment on his claim of having been able to survive in this way for 70 years.

The success of the Attlee Government's welfare legislation in reducing poverty was such that, in the general election of 1950, according to Kevin Jefferys, " Labour propaganda could make much of the claim that social security had eradicated the most abject destitution of the 1930s ".

With Constantine ’ s death in 337, Constans and his two brothers, Constantine II and Constantius II divided the Roman world between themselves, after first deposing of virtually all of the relatives of their father who could possibly have a claim on the throne.

Thus, SETE could not claim copyright on photographs or panoramas of Paris incorporating the lit tower.

A possible defeater or overriding proposition for such a claim could be a true proposition like, " Tom Grabit's identical twin Sam is currently in the same town as Tom.

In principle, claim market socialists, socialist managers of state enterprises could use a price system, as an accounting system, in order to minimize costs and convey information to other managers.

Critics claim the vocabulary and style of the Pauline letters could not have been written by Paul according to available biographical information and reflect the views of the emerging Church rather than the apostle's.

Gérard has not produced the manuscript supporting this claim which, even if true, is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735 ; also, given the economic conditions of the 18th century: " it is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have consecrated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes.

Douglass stood and spoke eloquently in favor ; he said that he could not accept the right to vote as a black man if women could not also claim that right.