They had risen from humble beginnings by their own diligence and astuteness, they were unfettered by the codes that bound nobles like Othon or even the older generation of clerks like Hotham, and they were working for an end that their opponents had never even visualized.

The codes were key-punched into IBM punch cards and verified.

Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting ( i. e., alphabetization ) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique ( CCITT ) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 ( ITA2 ) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification.

To keep options available for lower case letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter " A " was placed in position 41 < sub > hex </ sub > to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.

The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message ( SOM ), end of address ( EOA ), end of message ( EOM ), end of transmission ( EOT ), " who are you?

These sets were expanded in 1963 to 7 bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U. S. government.

During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines.

There was an ever-present danger that some ill-considered military or other action by the Allies might alert the enemy to the possibility that their codes were being broken.

When telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long distance communication, elaborate systems of commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single words ( commonly five-letter groups ) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such " words " as BYOXO (" Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?

Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commercial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceding for espionage codes.

In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead.

In classical cryptography, ciphers were distinguished from codes.

These continental codes were all composed in Latin, whilst Anglo-Saxon was used for those of England, beginning with the Code of Ethelbert of Kent ( 602 ).

But telegraph operators were already using typewriters with QWERTY keyboards to " copy " received messages, and at the time it made more sense to build a typewriter that could generate the codes automatically, rather than making them learn to use a new input device.

In some European countries, these closed social classes were given titles, followed mores and codes of behavior according to their closed social class, even wore distinctive dress.

Pogroms were common throughout Christian Europe, including organized violence, restrictive land ownership and professional lives, forcible relocation and ghettoization, mandatory dress codes, and at times humiliating actions and torture.

Merchant terminals are required to recognize and act on service codes or send all transactions for online authorization.

Since 1979, the USA had required ICD-9-CM codes for Medicare and Medicaid claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit.

Mining companies in most countries are required to follow stringent environmental and rehabilitation codes in order to minimize environmental impact and avoid impacts on human health.

The 5 data bits allow for only 32 different codes, which cannot accommodate the 26 letters, 10 figures, space, a few punctuation marks and the required control codes, such as carriage return, new line, bell, etc.

One defect of an instruction set with many hidden side effects is that, if many instructions have side effects on a single piece of state, like condition codes, then the logic required to update that state sequentially may become a performance bottleneck.

Users were required to enter special non-printing control codes ( now referred to as markup code tags ) to indicate that some text should be in boldface, italics, or a different typeface or size.

Determining such forces was required before building codes could specify the required strength of such buildings and such tests continue to be used for large or unusual buildings.

Moreover, both the codes and legislation have required judicial interpretation.

It seems that a very high degree of social capital is required to achieve trust in such standards and systems, and that ethical codes play some significant roles in building up trust in the professions and in the trades.

The same concept applies to lap splice length mentioned in the codes where splices ( overlapping ) provided between two adjacent bars in order to maintain the required continuity of stress in the splice zone.

South African law has not required gender neutrality in school dress codes and a distinction between girls ' and boys ' uniforms remains.

These were not true characters though, because such points belong to C0 control codes range and, therefore, these glyphs required a special way to be placed on the screen ; see code page 437 for discussion.

Builders in the 1950s who tore down historic buildings along East Colfax for the purpose of developing a brand new property were required to abide by the car-friendly codes and provide for automobile use.

Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.

International trade experts have objected to the way in which bodies for commercial display are imported, because the way their categorization codes ( as " art collections ") do not require Centers for Disease Control stamps or death certificates, both of which are required for medical cadavers.

In ( X ) HTML character entity references, required in cases where the letter is not available by ordinary coding, the codes are and ; or and.

Sprinklers may be required to be installed by building codes, or may be recommended by insurance companies to reduce potential property losses or business interruption.

A prescription is not required for medicines, and pharmacy sales assistants are required by Royal Pharmaceutical Society codes to ask certain questions, which varies for what the customer says.

Around the world teachers are often required to obtain specialized education, knowledge, codes of ethics and internal monitoring.

Initially IBM considered and rejected using bar codes and perforations, because these methods did not offer sufficient density of information storage required for the credit cards.

According to the eminent sinologist Robin Yates, newly discovered Qin Dynasty legal codes show that officials were required to correctly calculate the exact amount of labor expected of all artisans ; if the artisan was ordered to perform either too much work or too little work, the official would be held accountable.

The common codes, for religious action as such and in their ethical aspects for everyday moral behavior, bind the devotees together.

The codes are mechanism for training in, and directing and enforcing, uniform social interaction, and for continually and publicly reasserting the solidarity of the group.

Religion has its own supernatural prescriptions that are at the same time codes of behavior for the here and now.

So, for happy years, Helva scooted around in her shell with her classmates, playing such games as Stall, Power-Seek, studying her lessons in trajectory, propulsion techniques, computation, logistics, mental hygiene, basic alien psychology, philology, space history, law, traffic, codes: all the et ceteras that eventually became compounded into a reasoning, logical, informed citizen.

In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes.

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3. 4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.

aspects of the project, fined the owners for many infractions of building codes, ordered the demolition of aspects exceeding the height standard for the city.

This algorithm, for all strings, allows codes as short as allowed by any other algorithm up to an additive constant that depends on the algorithms, but not on the strings themselves.

The mercy that Christ infused into Mosaic Law underlies the injury tariffs that figure so prominently in barbarian law codes, since Christian synods " established, through that mercy which Christ taught, that for almost every misdeed at the first offence secular lords might with their permission receive without sin the monetary compensation, which they then fixed.

Under the North American Numbering Plan, almost all North American area codes reserve telephone numbers beginning with 958 and 959 for internal local and long distance testing ( respectively ), sometimes called plant testing.

In some area codes, multiple additional prefixes had been reserved for test purposes, in addition to the standard 958 and 959.

NANPA's utilised codes report will indicate ' UA ' ( unassignable ) for valid test prefixes ; if a formerly ' UA ' code newly appears on the available list or becomes an active exchange, any former test numbers from its time as a reserved prefix are presumable as invalid and deprecated.

Integer BASIC used characters with codes above 127 for normal text and codes below 128 for tokens ; Applesoft used exactly the reverse.