In Russia, a communal apartment (« коммуналка ») is a room with a shared kitchen and bath.

He did his own cooking and carried out the garbage in the morning to the communal dustbins in the backyard, before taking a brisk 15 minute walk to his office, shadowed at a distance by an unmarked police car which had been waiting outside the apartment block-his only concession to the security concerns.

Each apartment ( for example ) has its own individual key which will not open the doors to any other apartments, but will open common entrance doors and communal service areas.

They moved into a communal apartment with his cousin Modest " Fedya " Stein and Goldman's friend, Helen Minkin.

Spaces such as kitchen, lounge and dining area are communal between other people staying in that apartment.

Ernst May, a famous German functionalist architect, formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new city in the Soviet Union, primarily following the model that he had established with his Frankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-story communal apartment buildings and an extensive network of dining halls and other public services.

As a freshman at Moscow State University he once again fell in love with an older woman named Zhenya ( Eugenia ), moving in with her in a rented room of a communal apartment.

Section 6 ( The Horse ): Julie leaves Vienna, and Marji starts staying in a communal apartment with eight homosexual men.

He lived in a communal apartment in Leningrad with at least three people who openly monitored him as they worked for the GPU.

A bedsit can also be compared to a Soviet communal apartment, in which a common kitchen, bathroom, toilet, and telephone are shared by several families, each of which lives in a single room opening up onto a common hallway.

At the end of 2010, the Court in Złotów decided, that the communal apartment after a dead woman to be her partner.

A communal apartment or kommunalka () appeared in the Soviet Union following the Russian revolution.

A communal apartment was typically shared between two to seven families.

The communal apartment was the predominant form of housing in the USSR for generations, and still exist in “ the most fashionable central districts of large Russian cities .”

Lenin conceived of the communal apartment, and drafted a plan to “ expropriate and resettle private apartments ” shortly after the Russian revolution.

His plan inspired many architects to begin communal housing projects, to create a “ revolutionary topography .” The communal apartment was revolutionary by “ uniting different social groups in one physical space .” Furthermore, housing belonged to the government and families were allotted an extremely small number of square meters each.

Communal living posed unique challenges ; one author tells of an incident when a drunk neighbor passed out on the floor in front of the entrance to their room and urinated, to the horror of her mother, who was entertaining foreign guests when the “ little yellow stream slowly made its way through the door of the room .” She relates this incident to the experience of communal living, “ both intimate and public, with a mixture of ease and fear in the presence of foreigners and neighbors .” Tenants in communal apartments are “ like family in some respects and like strangers in others .” Neighbors are forced to interact with each other, and they know nearly everything about each other, their schedules and daily routines, profession, habits, relationships and opinions, prohibiting any sense of privacy in the communal apartment.

The overall effect was probably to stimulate more party activity in the communal elections than might have otherwise taken place.

It was observed in the introductory chapter that metropolitan life had split into two trends -- expanding interdependence on an impersonal basis and growing exclusiveness in local communal groupings.

Simultaneously, an unrelated movement of communal singing was established throughout the South and Western states.

Most of the music was religious, but the purpose of communal singing was not primarily spiritual.

It appears likely that the Rule of Chrodegang, a continental set of ordinances for the communal life of secular canons, was introduced into England by Ealdred sometime before 1059.

Historically, the blót was an event that focused on a communal sacrifice at various times of the year for a number of purposes.

The Book of Lamentations reflects the theological and biblical view that what happened to Jerusalem was a deserved punishment ; and its destruction was instigated by their god for the communal sins of the people.

This theological viewpoint was also widespread among Judah ’ s neighbors of differing religions who believed the destruction of a particular city could be attributed to the city ’ s deity who was punishing the city for some communal sin or wrongdoing.

Scholars of ballads are often divided into two camps, the ‘ communalists ’ who, following the line established by the German scholar Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 – 1803 ) and the Brothers Grimm, argue that ballads arose by a combined communal effort and did not have a single author, and ‘ individualists ’, following the thinking of English collector Cecil Sharp, who assert that there was a single original author.

However, no borough was actually created under law until 2005 – 2006, when Neve Monosson and Maccabim-Re ' ut, both communal settlements ( Heb: yishuv kehilati ) founded in 1953 and 1984, respectively, were declared to be autonomous municipal boroughs ( Heb: vaad rova ironi ), within their mergers with the towns of Yehud and Modi ' in.

The drawing of borders was accomplished at the cost of large-scale population movements and heavy communal bloodshed on both sides.

Larger crannogs could be occupied by extended families or communal groups, and access was either by logboats or coracles while evidence for timber or stone causeways exists on a large number of crannogs.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

The expression The Lord's Supper, derived from St. Paul's usage in, may have originally referred to the Agape feast, the shared communal meal with which the Eucharist was originally associated.

The work of economic production was often manual and communal.

Dating back at least to early Anglo-Saxon times, it originally referred to the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed open field ( a medieval communal field which was divided into strips ).

The Bronze Age sees a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise to prominence of increasingly powerful elites, whose power was enshrined in the control of the flow of precious resources, to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such as swords and axes, and their prowess as hunters and warriors.

In 1993 the newly-appointed Secretary of State for Wales John Redwood was embarrassingly videotaped opening and closing his mouth during a communal singing of the national anthem, clearly ignorant of the words but unable to mime convincingly ; the pictures were frequently cited as evidence of his unsuitability for the post.

The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government.

Such a communal praxis was not just for himself, but could survive without him, unlike John's movement.

Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.

This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active.

They are predominately Muslim and are the only ethnic group in Eritrea to have Arabic as their communal language.

Following on from the earlier communal tradition of Baal Shem, his fame as a healer spread among not only the Jews, but also the non-Jewish peasants and the Polish nobles.

Anarchist communists counter the capitalist conception that communal property can only be maintained by force and that such a position is neither fixed in nature nor unchangeable in practice, citing numerous examples of communal behavior occurring naturally even within capitalist systems.

But as this practice only attaches to certain ( major ) sacred days, others posit the extra day may have been added to accommodate people who had to travel long distances to participate in communal worship and ritual practices ; or the practice may have evolved as a compromise between conflicting interpretations of Jewish Law regarding the calendar ; or it may have evolved as a safety measure in areas where Jews were commonly in danger, so that their enemies would not be certain on which day to attack.

The communal buildings of the area on the north side of Cooper Island ( the only occupied area of the atoll ) consist of a common cooking and dining building next to the only sea dock, and there is a kayak and scuba diving equipment storage building adjacent to this.

In the case of the latter, others suggest communal nursing occurs only when mothers mistake another female's young for their own.

Wilson does, however, give a survey of communal property arrangements in history, not only in colonial Virginia but also ancient Sparta.

On this account, science can be done only as a part of a community, and is inherently a communal activity.

However, there are certain prayers that are communal prayers and therefore can be recited only by a minyan.

A grave threat of not only communal violence, but an outright breakdown of law and order owing to the defiance of the government by a religious organization hung over the nation.

Alaska shares a communal Scout history, only being broken into smaller councils in the 1960s.

The Mishnah tractate Megillah mentions the law that a town can only be called a " city " if it supports ten men ( batlanim ) to make up the required quorum for communal prayers.

On the advice of the princes of God's army they vowed themselves to God's Temple under this rule: they would renounce the world, give up personal goods, free themselves to pursue purity, and lead a communal life wearing a poor habit, only using arms to defend the land against the attacks of the insurgent pagans when necessity demanded.

The shtetl operates on a communal spirit where giving to the needy is not only admired, but expected and essential:

During the communal reform of 1973 the district was not changed much, only a few municipalities from the districts Schwäbisch Gmünd and Ulm were added.

However, the female spends more time incubating the eggs than the male, and is the only parent to do so at night ( while the male returns to the communal roost ).

For example in the Catholic Church the Carthusians and Camaldolese arrange their monasteries as clusters of hermitages where the monks live most of their day and most of their lives in solitary prayer and work, gathering only relatively briefly for communal prayer and only occasionally for community meals and recreation.

The only profit which the Communal Council of Zadar derived from this was one third of the city's harbour taxes, probably insufficient even for the most indispensable communal needs.

Geneva was a Prince-Bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire from 1154, but from 1290, secular authority over the citizens was divided from the bishop's authority, at first only lower jurisdiction, the office of vidame given to François de Candie in 1314, but from 1387 the bishops granted the citizens of Geneva full communal self-government.

This was number 35 in Thomas Wentworth Higginson's collection of Negro Spirituals that appeared in the Atlantic Monthly of June, 1867, with a comment by Higginson reflecting on how such songs were composed ( i. e., whether the work of a single author or through what used to be called " communal composition "): Even of this last composition, however, we have only the approximate date and know nothing of the mode of composition.