Stains, which include the wide variety of nonparticulate materials which give color even when present in very low concentration on the soiled object.

Because oxygen concentration in the water increases at both low temperatures and high flow rates, aquatic amphibians in these situations can rely primarily on cutaneous respiration, as in the Titicaca water frog and the hellbender salamander.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

However, the concentration of gold in its ore is in general very low.

when pH is too low, the concentration of hydrogen ions is too high, so one exhales CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

When pH is too high, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood is too low, so the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >).

Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a qualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as " dilute " for solutions of relatively low concentration and " concentrated " for solutions of relatively high concentration.

Due to the high carrier concentration, tunnel diodes are very fast, may be used at low ( mK ) temperatures, high magnetic fields, and in high radiation environments.

The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup > 2 −</ sup >) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br < sup >−</ sup >) is the highest of all waters on Earth.

* Dispersive mass transfer, in fluid dynamics, the spreading of mass from areas of high to low concentration

The development of easy methods to separate europium from the other trivalent lanthanides made europium accessible even when present in low concentration, as it usually is.

Hexavalent uranium, in the form of the uranyl cation, fluoresces at all concentrations in a yellow green, and is the cause of fluorescence of minerals such as autunite or andersonite, and, at low concentration, is the cause of the fluorescence of such materials as some samples of hyalite opal.

Trivalent chromium at low concentration is the source of the red fluorescence of ruby.

It postulates that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient ( spatial derivative ).

Hypoxia differs from hypoxemia in that, in the latter, the oxygen concentration within the arterial blood is abnormally low.

When inspired air contains CO levels as low as 0. 02 %, headache and nausea occur ; if the CO concentration is increased to 0. 1 %, unconsciousness will follow.

At very low amphiphile concentration, the molecules will be dispersed randomly without any ordering.

At slightly higher ( but still low ) concentration, amphiphilic molecules will spontaneously assemble into micelles or vesicles.

A generic progression of phases, going from low to high amphiphile concentration, is:

In Conditions of low int concentration there is no effect.

Maple syrup is made by boiling between of sap ( depending on its concentration ) over an open fire until of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature over the boiling point of water.

As the syrup is heated, it boils, water evaporates, the sugar concentration increases, and the boiling point rises.

The boiling point of a solution of an involatile solute is higher than that of the pure solvent, and the boiling-point elevation ( ΔT ) is directly proportional to the amount concentration for dilute solutions.

With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration ( due to some water being lost as vapour ).

Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on the concentration of the dissolved substance.

* As a special case, the R-400 series is made up of zeotropic blends ( those where the boiling point of constituent compounds differs enough to lead to changes in relative concentration because of fractional distillation ) and the R-500 series is made up of so-called azeotropic blends.

It should not exhibit discrimination based on differences in boiling point, polarity, concentration or thermal / catalytic stability.

However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute.

In case of calculation of boiling point elevation of high concentration solution, Ge and Wang ( 2010 ) proposed a new and easy-to-use equation:

The volume concentration ( also called volume fraction ) is defined as the volume of a constituent divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture prior to mixing:

Solubility may be stated in units of concentration, molality, mole fraction, mole ratio, and other units.

The activity coefficient γ, which is also a dimensionless quantity, relates the activity to a measured amount fraction x < sub > i </ sub >, molality b < sub > i </ sub > or amount concentration c < sub > i </ sub >:

Additional factors related to potential respiratory symptoms are the frequency and duration of exposure, the concentration of ash in the air and the respirable ash fraction ; the proportion of ash with less than 10 µm diameter, known as PM < sub > 10 </ sub >.

In particular, the " concentration " of the solute in solution may also be expressed as a mole fraction or as a molality.

This is particularly used to measure that fraction of income accruing to top earners – top 10 %, 1 %,. 1 %,. 01 % ( 1 in 10, in 100, in 1, 000, in 10, 000 ), and also " top 100 " earners or the like ; in the US top 400 earners is. 0002 % of earners ( 2 in 1, 000, 0000 ) – to study concentration of income – wealth condensation, or rather income condensation.

The ion concentrations do not normally change very quickly ( with the exception of calcium, where the baseline intracellular concentration is so low that even a small inflow may increase it by orders of magnitude ), but the permeabilities can change in a fraction of a millisecond, as a result of activation of ligand-gated or voltage-gated ion channels.

The name " molar concentration " is incorrect ,< ref >" Molar concentration " should refer to a concentration per mole, i. e. an amount fraction.

By knowing the mass of the sample collected and the volume of air sampled a concentration for the fraction sampled can be given in milligrams ( mg ) per metre cubed ( m3 ).

As a result, a larger fraction of blood passes through parts of the lung that are poorly-ventilated, with a resulting increase in the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > concentration of the blood leaving the lungs.

Prior to the fraction collection, the samples that are eluted from the column pass through a detector such as a spectrophotometer or mass spectrometer so that the concentration of the separated samples in the sample solution mixture can be determined.

It describes the fraction of the macromolecule saturated by ligand as a function of the ligand concentration ; it is used in determining the degree of cooperativeness of the ligand binding to the enzyme or receptor.

Its concentration is always just a fraction of the A and B centers.

The quantity of oxygen carried by hemoglobin depends on its concentration ( Hb ) and the fraction of the hemoglobin that is actually carrying oxygen ( the percent saturation ).