Birnbaum proved that the likelihood principle follows from two more primitive and seemingly reasonable principles, the conditionality principle and the sufficiency principle.

In principle, conditionality is a tactic used not only to make sure loans are paid back, but also to ensure that they are used effectively.

In Colombia, Cardinal Anibal Muñoz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent.

Another improvement is to distinguish contributory goods with a contributory conditionality.

There is no timetable associated with the government ’ s plan, or any conditionality or independent mechanism for verifying that it is moving forward.

* May expresses a relatively low sense of commitment ( I may go ) and is the most permissive ( You may go ); it can also suggest conditionality ( I may go I have time ).

Some have argued that it is a " process conditionality " not a " content conditionality ".

Other types of conditionality that often occur are aid which is tied to be used in a specific way.

* Eurodad, November 2007, Untying the knots-How the World Bank is failing to deliver real change on conditionality

Much aid is tied to conditionalities | conditionality and, even though OBA rewards performance, it will mainly reward performance in the private sector.

The U. S. has used this influence to further its long-term foreign policy objectives and short-term political and economic goals by imposing conditionality on replenishment negotiations.

This was highlighted by the establishment of a welfare fraud hotline and a complementary conditionality three months later, in which anyone convicted of welfare fraud would run the risk of being given a lifetime ban from the program.

The PRSP process has been scrutinized for increasing aid conditionality even though it was supposedly created to undo the imposition of policy conditions from the outside by increase country ownership.

In ex-post conditionality, the country receiving aid agrees to conditions set by the donor or lender that they will carry out after they receive the aid.

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund played an important role in this process through the conditionality of their lending.

However, practically all objects have instrumental conditionality, more or less.

Criticism of PRSP include aid conditionality, donor influence, and poor fulfillment of the participatory aspect.

Much debate in types of conditionality centers around ex-ante versus ex-post conditionality.

Ex-ante conditionality requires a country to meet certain conditions and prove it can maintain them before it will receive any aid.

The European Union also employs conditionality with respect to enlargement, with membership conditional on candidate countries meeting the Copenhagen criteria and adopting the acquis communautaire.

* European Network on Debt and Development reports, news and links on conditionality.

Aid agencies are always looking for new ways to improve aid effectiveness, including conditionality, capacity building and support for improved governance.

Generally demanding conditionality in return for assistance, which means tying aid to the procurement of goods and services, they are challenging traditional development aid standards.

Performance-based conditionality has come under criticism for producing intermediate indicators which often distort the achievements of particular projects.

He held that the Absolute Infinite had various mathematical properties, including the reflection principle which says that every property of the Absolute Infinite is also held by some smaller object.

Second, he does not say that his existence is necessary ; he says that if he thinks, then necessarily he exists ( see the instantiation principle ).

Huygens ' principle when applied to an aperture simply says that the far-field diffraction pattern is the spatial Fourier transform of the aperture shape, and this is a direct by-product of using the parallel-rays approximation, which is identical to doing a plane wave decomposition of the aperture plane fields ( see Fourier optics ).

The exchange interaction is related to the Pauli exclusion principle, which says that two electrons with the same spin cannot also have the same " position ".

The earliest known formulation is Aristotle's principle of non-contradiction, first proposed in On Interpretation, where he says that of two contradictory propositions ( i. e. where one proposition is the negation of the other ) one must be true, and the other false.

The likelihood principle therefore says the inferences drawn about the value of θ should be the same in both cases.

The sufficiency principle says that if is a sufficient statistic for, and if in two experiments with data and we have, then the evidence about given by the two experiments is the same.

In mathematics, the principle that says that if the number of players is one more than the number of chairs, then one player is left standing, is the pigeonhole principle.

He turned this into a concern for ontological parsimony ; the principle says that one should not multiply entities beyond necessity – Entia non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate – although this well-known formulation of the principle is not to be found in any of Ockham's extant writings.

When light shines on a circular obstacle, Huygens ' principle says that every point in the plane of the obstacle acts as a new point source of light.

The first principle, the Rule-of-Three, says simply that things tend to happen in threes.

This principle says that nature has chosen amino acid sequences

:: John Archibald Wheeler's participatory anthropic principle says that consciousness plays some role in bringing the universe into existence.

The fundamental principle of gestalt perception is the law of prägnanz ( in the German language, pithiness ) which says that we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetric, and simple.

In a largely overlooked passage from his famous 1858 paper to the Linnean Society ( which led Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species ) Alfred Russel Wallace says of the evolutionary principle:

Section 55 ( 1 ) of the Access to Justice Act 1999 says that, when an appeal is made to a County Court or the High Court and that court makes a decision, no further appeal is allowed to the Court of Appeal unless the Court considers that the case raises " an important point of principle or practice " or " there is some other compelling reason for the Court of Appeal to hear it ".

These rallies were an extension of Falwell ’ s decision to go against the traditional Baptist principle of separating religion and politics, a change of heart Falwell says he had when he perceived the decay of the nation ’ s morality.

Consequently, the relativistic principle of causality says that the cause must precede its effect according to all inertial observers.

Mach's principle says that this is not a coincidence — that there is a physical law that relates the motion of the distant stars to the local inertial frame.

Peacock's principle says that the form on the left side is equivalent to the form on the right side, not only when the said restrictions of being less are removed, but when,,, denote the most general algebraic symbol.

Eric Halfpenny, writing in the 1988 Encyclopædia Britannica, says " bowing can be traced as far back as the Islamic civilization of the 10th century ... it seems likely that the principle of bowing originated among the nomadic horse riding cultures of Central Asia, whence it spread quickly through Islam and the East, so that by 1000 it had almost simultaneously reached China, Java, North Africa, the Near East and Balkans, and Europe.

But — says Carnap — metaphysicians are not satisfied with this interpretation of the meaning of ' principle '.