John Adams fashioned much of pre-Revolutionary radical ideology, wrote the constitution of his home state of Massachusetts, negotiated, with Franklin and Jay, the peace with Britain and served as our first Vice President and our second President.

Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

In yet another coup d ' état, he suspended ( March 1903 ) the constitution for half an hour, time enough to publish the decrees by which the old senators and councillors of state were dismissed and replaced by new ones.

Following the 1831 Nat Turner slave rebellion, a state convention was called to pass a new constitution, including provisions to disfranchise free people of color.

According to Article 91 of the constitution, the CDN is " the consultative body of the president of the republic in matters related to national sovereignty and the defense of the democratic state.

According to Article 89 of the constitution, the Council of the Republic has authority to make declarations of federal intervention, a state of emergency, and a state of siege ( all security-related issues ).

In the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA ) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada ( ELCIC ), the largest Lutheran Church bodies in the United States and Canada respectively and roughly based on the Nordic Lutheran state churches ( similar to that of the Church of England ), bishops are elected by Synod Assemblies, consisting of both lay members and clergy, for a term of 6 years, which can be renewed, depending upon the local synod's " constitution " ( which is mirrored on either the ELCA or ELCIC's national constitution ).

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

Within states, whether sovereign or federated, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom.

An example from the constitutional law of sovereign states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution, such as ratifying a treaty.

The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was " the arrangement of the offices in a state ".

United States federal courts only act as interpreters of statutes and the constitution by elaborating and precisely defining the broad language ( connotation 1 ( b ) above ), but, unlike state courts, do not act as an independent source of common law ( connotation 1 ( a ) above ).

A new constitution in January 1976 established Democratic Kampuchea as a Communist People's Republic, and a 250-member Assembly of the Representatives of the People of Kampuchea ( PRA ) was selected in March to choose the collective leadership of a State Presidium, the chairman of which became the head of state.

The constitution also created an independent judiciary, guaranteed inheritance of estates by primogeniture, and installed Catholicism as the state religion.

One of its leaders, Joaquín Infante, drafted Cuba's first constitution, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the countries ' wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin colour and declaring Catholicism the official religion.

Constitutional monarchy ( or limited monarchy ) is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified, or blended constitution.

This form of government differs from absolute monarchy in which an absolute monarch serves as the source of power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution and has the powers to regulate his or her respective government.

Later on, Fascist Italy could also be considered as a " constitutional monarchy " of a kind, in the sense that there was a king as the titular head of state while actual power was held by Benito Mussolini under a constitution.

For example, in a unitary state, the constitution will vest ultimate authority in one central administration and legislature, and judiciary, though there is often a delegation of power or authority to local or municipal authorities.

When a constitution establishes a federal state, it will identify the several levels of government coexisting with exclusive or shared areas of jurisdiction over lawmaking, application and enforcement.

Human rights or civil liberties form a crucial part of a country's constitution and govern the rights of the individual against the state.

Despite the democratic constitution, the government under Chiang was a one-party state, consisting almost completely of mainlanders ; the " Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion " greatly enhanced executive powers, and the goal of retaking mainland China allowed the KMT to maintain a monopoly on power and the prohibition of opposition parties.

And if he is so scornful of the rights of states, why not advocate a different sort of constitution that he could more sincerely support??

The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution.

A new constitution is established with aid from the U. S. Embassy.

It is most usual to date Athenian democracy from Cleisthenes, since Solon's constitution fell and was replaced by the tyranny of Peisistratus, whereas Ephialtes revised Cleisthenes ' constitution relatively peacefully.

In 2002, O ' Donohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court, which found that, as the Act of Settlement is part of the Canadian constitution, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms does not have supremacy over it.

* 1919 – The constitution of the Weimar Republic is adopted.

The VwVGo is divided into five parts, which are the constitution of the courts, action, remedies and retrial, costs and enforcement15 and final clauses and temporary arrangements.

The Head of Government under the new constitution is the Premier ( prior to the new constitution the office was referred to as Chief Minister ), who is elected in a general election along with the other members of the ruling government as well as the members of the opposition.

Very democratic, it is more expansive than a normal constitution – many statutory acts in other countries are written into this constitution, like Social Security and taxes.

It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company's constitution.

A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted.

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules and 94 amendments, with 117, 369 words in its English language version, while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution, at 7 articles and 27 amendments.

A new constitution described the Emperor as " the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty ", whose rights included to sanction and promulgate laws, to execute them and to exercise " supreme command of the Army and the Navy ".

Charles de Gaulle described the role he envisaged for the French president when he wrote the modern French constitution, stating the head of state should embody " the spirit of the nation " for the nation itself and the world: une certaine idée de la France ( a certain idea about France ).

Although the doctrine of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdom's constitutional doctrine, the UK constitution is often described as having " a weak separation of powers " A. V. Dicey, despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred.

In Michigan v. Ohio, the court upheld a special master's report and ruled that the boundary between the two states in Lake Erie was angled to the northeast, as described in Ohio's state constitution, and not a straight east-west line.

As a substitute for this, he commented on Plato's The Republic, arguing that the ideal state there described was the same as the original constitution of the Arab Caliphate, as well as the Almohad state of Ibn Tumart.

On March 9, King Mohammed VI made a speech that was described as a " historical " speech in which he announced several reforms including a new constitution to the country.

The constitution as it was revised on 11 October 1848 is often described as the original of the version still in force today.

In other words, when a reference is made to a thing's essence or idea, or when one details the constitution of an identical coherent thing by describing what one " really " sees as being only these sides and aspects, these surfaces, it does not mean that the thing is only and exclusively what is described here: The ultimate goal of these reductions is to understand how these different aspects are constituted into the actual thing as experienced by the person experiencing it.

Historian Robert Conquest described this system as " a set of phantom institutions and arrangements which put a human face on the hideous realities: a model constitution adopted in a worst period of terror and guaranteeing human rights, elections in which there was only one candidate, and in which 99 percent voted ; a parliament at which no hand was ever raised in opposition or abstention.

His contention that the constitution of the Court was contrary to the fundamental laws of the country was unheeded, and his claim that the jury was legally entitled to judge not only as to matters of fact but also as to the application of the law itself, as the Judges represented only ' Norman intruders ', whom the jury might here ignore in reaching a verdict, was described by an enraged judge as ' damnable, blasphemous heresy.

She took the precaution, however, of concluding a fresh secret alliance with Denmark, in which the Swedish revolution was significantly described as " an act of violence " constituting a casus foederis, and justifying both powers in seizing the first favourable opportunity for intervention to restore the Swedish constitution of 1720.

This constitution was the first to create a President, although this office retained the powers described in the 1819 constitution.

In his youth, George Green was described as having a frail constitution and a dislike for doing work in his father's bakery.

Nujoma had the constitution changed so he could run for a third term in 1999, but in 2004 he was replaced as the SWAPO presidential candidate by Hifikepunye Pohamba, who was described as Nujoma's hand-picked successor.

The 1949 constitution had declared Germany to be a " democratic republic ", whereas the new one described East Germany as a " socialist state of the German nation.

Articles 78 to 101 described the methods by which the Reich government administered the constitution and laws, particularly in the areas where the Reich government had exclusive jurisdiction — foreign relations, colonial affairs, defence, taxation and customs, merchant shipping and waterways, railroads, and so forth.

Although both are common emblems of France, neither Marianne nor the rooster enjoys official status: the flag of France, as named and described in Article 2 of the French constitution, is the only official emblem.

Iorga's peasant polities, sometimes described by him as Romanii populare (" people's Romanias ", " people's Roman-like polities "), were seen by him as the sources of a supposed uncodified constitution in both Moldavia and Wallachia.

This led to Australian voters rejecting at a referendum in 1999 a constitutional amendment to a specific form of republic described by some as the " minimalist " model because it involved the least change to the constitution of the various republican models proposed.

Originally, a Chinese-inspired legal system and constitution known as ritsuryō was enacted in the 6th century ( in the late Asuka period and early Nara period ); it described a government based on an elaborate and theoretically rational meritocratic bureaucracy, serving under the ultimate authority of the emperor and organised following Chinese models.

Piedade described the National Assembly's adoption of the constitution as a " historic moment ".

The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 ( ratified September 28, 1776 ) was the state's first constitution following the Declaration of Independence, and has been described as the most democratic in America.