Sometimes described as New England folk dance, contra dances can be found around the world, though they are especially popular in North America.

Paul, MN, called " Les be Gay and Dance " was started, in which contra dance was done without any reference to gender, avoiding calling moves with any reference to " ladies " or " gents.

A Thursday night contra dance at the Fresh Pond Veterans of Foreign Wars hall in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

A typical evening of contra dance is three hours long, including an intermission.

After the walk-through, the music begins and the dancers repeat that sequence some number of times before that dance ends, often 10 to 15 minutes, depending on the length of the contra lines.

As in any social dance, cooperation is vital to contra dancing.

Since over the course of any single dance, individuals interact with not just their partners but everyone else in the set, contra dancing might be considered a group activity.

There are many additional forms a contra dance may take.

A fundamental aspect of contra dancing is that the same dance, one time through which lasts roughly 30 seconds, is repeated over and over-but each time you dance with new neighbors.

:* Country Dance and Song Society ( CDSS ) preserves a variety of Anglo-American folk traditions in North America, including folk music, folk song, English country dance, contra dance and morris dance.

:* Anglo-American Dance Service Based in Belgium, promoting contra dance and English dance in Western Europe.

; Different traditions and cultures in contra dance

:* Doug Plummer's Northwest contra dance photos and New England contra dance photos

:* A 2009 video of Crowfoot playing a contra dance, Tacoma, WA

* Country Dance * New York runs English and contra dance events in New York City.

* Propostas contra a tradição ( Portuguese for Propositions against tradition ), ca.

In the 1930s and 1940s, contra dances appear to have been done only in small towns in widely scattered parts of northeastern North America, such as Ohio, the Maritime provinces of Canada, and particularly northern New England.

One who attends an evening of contra dances in North America does not need to bring his or her own partner.

The secret contra assistance was run by the National Security Council, with officer Lt. Col. Oliver North in charge.

“ North had coordinated a secret contra supply operation from his office in the basement of the White House, in legal defiance of existing legislation but with the support of senior administration officials ... North had also been deeply involved in shaping contra military and political strategy and in off-the-books schemes to pay for the supply flights and the munitions they carried.

Social dance, especially in frontier North America, the contra dance and square dance, has also been employed in matchmaking, usually informally.

Like Cyprian a father of the North African Church, he referred to Cyprian's remark in his Responsio contra Arianos (" Reply against the Arians " ).

# Decides that the United States of America, by training, arming, equipping, financing and supplying the contra forces or otherwise encouraging, supporting and aiding military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua, has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligation under customary international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State ;

# Finds that the United States of America, by producing in 1983 a manual entitled ' Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas ', and disseminating it to contra forces, has encouraged the commission by them of acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law ; but does not find a basis for concluding that any such acts which may have been committed are imputable to the United States of America as acts of the United States of America ;

In his view, " The dark age of pro and contra slogans, unfair polemics, and humiliations is not yet completely over and done with, but there seems to be some hope for a more constructive discussion " ( ib.

The term " contra " comes from the Spanish contra, which means against but in this case is short for, in English " the counter-revolution ".

Some choreographed dances such as contra dance, Scottish country dance, and modern Western square dance, are called folk dances, though this is not true in the strictest sense.

Generally speaking, the term ' invisibles ' refers to both ; international payments for services ( as opposed to goods ) as well as movements of money for which there is no contra transaction ( i. e. money is not exchanged for either a good or a service ).

The last of his polemical works is the skilfully composed Dialogus contra Pelagianos ( 415 ).

Languet is one possible candidate for the authorship of the influential Huguenot pamphlet, Vindiciae contra tyrannos ( 1579 ).

This may mean that the complexity involved in rightly understanding omnipotence --- contra all the logical details involved in misunderstanding it --- is a function of the fact that omnipotence, like infinity, is perceived at all by contrasting reference to those complex and variable things which it is not.

In 1937, Raeder banned a study of the Navy in World War I critical of Tirpitz because " it is unconditionally necessary to hold back all publications contra Tirpitz ".

Traditional square dance is frequently presented in alternation with contra dances ( particularly in revival groups ) or with some form of freestyle couple dancing ( at surviving local events ).

Derived from early British forms of Country dancing, SCD is related to English country dancing, contra dancing, cèilidh dancing, Old time dancing and Irish set dancing due to the combination of some of these dance forms in early Country dance forms and later cross-over introduced by their overlapping influences via dancers and dance masters.

A tenore is practiced by groups of four male singers each of whom has a distinct role ; the oche or boche ( pronounced or, " voice ") is the solo voice, while the mesu oche or mesu boche (" half voice "), contra (" against ") and bassu (" bass ") – listed in descending pitch order – form a chorus ( another meaning of tenore ).

The second chronological limit is 415, which is traditionally considered to be the date when Augustine ’ s book Liber ad Orosium contra Priscillianistas et Origenistas was published, in which Augustine replies to Orosius ’ s Commonitorium.

The full name of Orosius ’ s second book is Liber Apologeticus contra Pelagium de Arbitrii libértate.

The lowest-pitched of the horns used in drum corps is the contrabass bugle, or ' contra '.

During the time congress blocked funding for the contras, the Reagan government engaged in a campaign to alter public opinion and change the vote in congress on contra aid.

For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay ( the contra costa, " opposite shore ") for a ranch, including that portion that now comprises the City of Berkeley.

However, since the contras failed to win widespread popular support or military victories within Nicaragua, since opinion polls indicated that a majority of the U. S. public was not supportive of the contras, since the Reagan administration lost much of its support regarding its contra policy within Congress after disclosure of CIA mining of Nicaraguan ports, and since a report of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research commissioned by the State Department found Reagan's allegations about Soviet influence in Nicaragua " exaggerated ", Congress cut off all funds for the contras in 1985 by the third Boland Amendment.

Regarding the alleged human rights violations by the contras, however, the ICJ took the view that the U. S. could only be held accountable for them if it would have been proven that the U. S. had effective control of the contra operations resulting in these alleged violations.

New Republic editor Michael Kinsley argued that critics should not simply dismiss State Department justifications for death squad attacks on " soft targets ": " The State Department has defended bloody contra attacks on government-sponsored farm cooperatives, saying that these civilian facilities have military aspects.

With the help of five Central American Presidents, including Ortega, it was agreed that a voluntary demobilization of the contras should start in early December 1989, in order to facilitate free and fair elections in Nicaragua in February 1990 ( even though the Reagan administration had pushed for a delay of contra disbandment ).

The fact that a high contra official had executed the archbishop of El Salvador did not diminish the White House ’ s zeal for its fledgling ‘ democratic resistance ’.”

The strong ties to Somoza decreased the potential to gain domestic support for the FDN, and prevented the U. S. guided unification operation, UNO: “ The contra war had to be sold to Congress and the public as the struggle of an opposition united against the regime in Managua .” The revolutionary hero and commander of the contra force of southern Nicaragua ARDE ( Nicaraguan Democratic Revolutionary Alliance ), Eden Pastora, refused to cooperate with the FDN.

However, Cockburn claims that the result of the supply network wasn ’ t military success but increased living standards for the contra leaders.

There are even sources that say some of the American weapons intended for the contra effort were sold by contra leaders on the black market to the leftist guerrilla in El Salvador.

The contra basses ( and perhaps some basses ) have 3, the 3rd key being used for the notes D and E ♭ directly above the octave break, only