The average temperature of the universe today is approximately 2. 73 kelvins, based on measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation.

The core ideas of the Big Bang — the expansion, the early hot state, the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies — are derived from many observations that are independent from any cosmological model ; these include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia supernovae.

While the scientific community was once divided between supporters of the Big Bang and those of alternative cosmological models, most scientists became convinced that some version of the Big Bang scenario best fit observations after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its spectrum ( i. e., the amount of radiation measured at each wavelength ) was found to match that of thermal radiation from a black body.

Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae, measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, and measurements of the correlation function of galaxies, the Universe has a calculated age of 13. 75 ± 0. 11 billion years.

This relic radiation is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation.

The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ).

The discovery and confirmation of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos.

The earliest and most direct kinds of observational evidence are the Hubble-type expansion seen in the redshifts of galaxies, the detailed measurements of the cosmic microwave background, the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis, and today also the large scale distribution and apparent evolution of galaxies predicted to occur due to gravitational growth of structure in the standard theory.

The discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1965 lent strong support to the Big Bang model, and since the precise measurements of the cosmic microwave background by the Cosmic Background Explorer in the early 1990s, few cosmologists have seriously proposed other theories of the origin and evolution of the cosmos.

With the formation of neutral hydrogen, the cosmic microwave background was emitted.

The cosmic microwave background is radiation left over from decoupling after the epoch of recombination when neutral atoms first formed.

Newer experiments, such as QUIET and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, are trying to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

Evidence from Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background and structure formation suggests that about 23 % of the mass of the universe consists of non-baryonic dark matter, whereas only 4 % consists of visible, baryonic matter.

In order not to interfere with Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background, it must not cluster in haloes like baryons and dark matter.

The most distant light of all, cosmic microwave background radiation, is isotropic to at least one part in a thousand.

Measurements of the effects of the cosmic microwave background radiation in the dynamics of distant astrophysical systems in 2000 proved the Copernican principle on a cosmological scale.

Uniform cooling of the cosmic microwave background over billions of years is explainable only if the universe is experiencing a metric expansion.

In cosmology, cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) radiation ( also CMBR, CBR, MBR, and relic radiation ) is thermal radiation filling the observable universe almost uniformly.

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

The cosmic microwave background is polarized at the level of a few microkelvin.

WMAP image of the ( extremely tiny ) anisotropies in the cosmic background radiation

* The isotropy of the cosmic background radiation is another indicator that the universe does not rotate.

This is the Holy Grail these knights of the orgasm pursue, this is the irresistible cosmic urge to which they respond.

I refer to the notion that the structure of society is a microcosm of the cosmic design and that history conforms to patterns of justice and chastisement as if it were a morality play set in motion by the gods for our instruction.

Existence is created and willed by God and is not the consequence of a pre-existent rebellion or of a cosmic descent from eternity into history.

This is the familiar system of `` cosmic government ''.

It is the business of cosmologists, the scientists who study the nature and structure of the universe, to try to solve the great cosmic mysteries by using keys that have clicked open other doors.

In the Earth's atmosphere, is made by cosmic ray activity, primarily with.

" Life is cosmic energy of the universe and after death it merges in universe again and as the time comes to find the suitable place for the entity died in the life condition it gets born.

Astrometry is an important step in the cosmic distance ladder because it establishes parallax distance estimates for stars in the Milky Way.

It is believed that most of the stable beryllium in the universe was originally created in the interstellar medium when cosmic rays induced fission in heavier elements found in interstellar gas and dust.

Radioactive cosmogenic < sup > 10 </ sup > Be is produced in the atmosphere of the Earth by the cosmic ray spallation of oxygen

Because boron is produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust.

The physical model behind cosmic inflation is extremely simple, however it has not yet been confirmed by particle physics, and there are difficult problems reconciling inflation and quantum field theory.

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation or just inflation is the theorized extremely rapid exponential expansion of the early universe by a factor of at least 10 < sup > 78 </ sup > in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density.

For example, trace ( but detectable ) amounts of carbon-14 (< sup > 14 </ sup > C ) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (< sup > 40 </ sup > Ar ) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (< sup > 40 </ sup > K ).

An ongoing theme in Lovecraft's work is the complete irrelevance of mankind in the face of the cosmic horrors that apparently exist in the universe, with Lovecraft constantly referring to the " Great Old Ones ": a loose pantheon of ancient, powerful deities from space who once ruled the Earth and who have since fallen into a deathlike sleep.

The view that there was no rigid structure is reinforced by S. T. Joshi, who stated " Lovecraft's imaginary cosmogony was never a static system but rather a sort of aesthetic construct that remained ever adaptable to its creator's developing personality and altering interests ... here was never a rigid system that might be posthumously appropriated ... he essence of the mythos lies not in a pantheon of imaginary deities nor in a cobwebby collection of forgotten tomes, but rather in a certain convincing cosmic attitude.

In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays.

His work is marked chiefly by an extraordinarily wide and ornate vocabulary, a cosmic perspective and a vein of sardonic and sometimes ribald humor.