However, it was less popular when commercial radio broadcasting began in the 1920s, mostly due to the need for an extra tube ( for the oscillator ), the generally higher cost of the receiver, and the level of technical skill required to operate it.

By the 1930s, improvements in vacuum tube technology rapidly eroded the TRF receiver's cost advantages, and the explosion in the number of broadcasting stations created a demand for cheaper, higher-performance receivers.

The network was hindered by the prohibitive cost of broadcasting, by Federal Communications Commission regulations which restricted the company's growth, and even by the company's partner, Paramount Pictures.

International broadcasting using the traditional audio only method will not cease any time soon due to its cost efficiencies.

Low-power broadcasting is electronic broadcasting at very low power and low cost, to a small community area.

Broadcast media did not follow until 1954, when meteorologist Harry Volkman broadcast the first televised tornado warning over WKY-TV ( now KFOR-TV ) in Oklahoma City, due to his belief that the banning of tornado warnings over broadcast media cost lives ; the FCC eventually lifted its ban on broadcasting tornado warnings.

However this is rare due to the high cost of buying a commercial broadcasting station, and because for years the FCC failed to maintain a process that would ensure that non-commercial applicants would have a chance against those who could afford to bid at spectrum auctions.

In the early 1960s a BFBS Engineer named John Bull promoted the idea that BFBS could have a Television Broadcast service for a relatively low cost and demonstrated this by building his own Television Station broadcasting from his home in Nicosia, Cyprus two nights a week.

The cost of these stations ' purchases led to a conservative approach to broadcasting, including limited playlists and avoiding controversial subjects to not offend listeners, and increased commercials to increase revenue.

By the time Westward began broadcasting Derry's Cross had cost Westward over £ 500, 000, with the company committed to spending another £ 20, 000 on the studios by April 1962.

It was included in their contract that allowed them to continue broadcasting live Formula One races, though it cost extra money, as the Formula One archives are rarely opened to any network.

Beyond this, the technique ( although critically applauded ) has seen relatively little exposure, perhaps because of a belief within the broadcasting industry that public interest in the kind of archive television that would benefit from VidFIRE is insufficient to justify the cost of processing.

Although satellite ( DVB-S ) broadcasting was initially considered, it was discarded due to the high cost of uploading the channel stream into satellites.

Many college stations that went on to obtain broadcasting licenses started out as carrier current stations because of the low cost and relative ease of starting up such a radio station.

In the Soviet Union, PLC was very common for broadcasting since the 1930s because of its low cost and accessibility, and because it made reception of uncensored over-the-air transmissions more difficult.

The prohibitive cost of starting a broadcast network, coupled with the difficulty of competing with the massive distribution of the Big Three Networks, and the infancy and complexities of UHF broadcasting before cable became commonplace in the 1980s, led to the downfall of almost all new companies.

The arrival of colour broadcasting in the UK added further to the cost and complexity of producing television sets.

Columbia Square was designed by Swiss-born architect William Lescaze in the style of International Modernism and built over a year at a cost of two million dollars — more money than had ever been spent on a broadcasting facility.

The American Medical Association is once again grinding out its tear-soaked propaganda based upon the high cost of the Veterans Administration medical program to the American taxpayer.

The farm program will cost an additional 1.5 billion, because of unusual weather factors, the Food for Peace program and other new measures.

To this end, the community assistance program of the planning division will continue to be operated as a staff function to make available, on a shared cost basis, technical planning assistance to those communities in the state unable to maintain their own planning staff.

and ( C ) to finance, for not more than three years beyond the end of said period, such activities as are required to correlate, coordinate, and round out the results of studies and research undertaken pursuant to this Act: Provided, That funds available in any one year for research and development may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State to assure that such activities are consistent with the foreign policy objectives of the United States, be expended in cooperation with public or private agencies in foreign countries in the development of processes useful to the program in the United States: And provided further, That every such contract or agreement made with any public or private agency in a foreign country shall contain provisions effective to insure that the results or information developed in connection therewith shall be available without cost to the United States for the use of the United States throughout the world and for the use of the general public within the United States.

A substantial increase is estimated in the cost of operating additional communications systems in the air defense program, as well as in all programs where speed and security of communications are essential.

This program is based on the policy of designing and building efficient machines which will help produce better textile values -- fabrics whose cost in relation to quality, fashion and utility provide the consumer with better textile products for the money.

The total cost of the five-year program was $297 million.

To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution.

Of course, this generalization increases the cost of such a program ; the process to establish a legally defensible assessment of an entire profession is very extensive.

The compact nature of such instruction sets results in smaller program sizes and fewer ( slow ) main memory accesses, which at the time ( early 1960s and onwards ) resulted in a tremendous savings on the cost of computer memory and disc storage, as well as faster execution.

The term freeware was coined by Andrew Fluegelman when he wanted to sell a communications program named PC-Talk that he had created but for which he did not wish to use traditional methods of distribution because of their cost.

* Protected self-insurance is an alternative risk financing mechanism in which an organization retains the mathematically calculated cost of risk within the organization and transfers the catastrophic risk with specific and aggregate limits to an insurer so the maximum total cost of the program is known.

Significantly, the bill set no overall cost limit for the building program.

* Technology Innovation Program ( TIP ), a grant program where NIST and industry partners cost share the early-stage development of innovative but high-risk technologies ;

However, C language programming is much easier to obtain skilled people in, so most if not all new development is done in C. Since z / TPF allows assembler programs to be repackaged into 1 logical file, critical legacy applications can be maintained and actually improve efficiency-the cost of entering one of these programs will now come at the initial enter when the entire program is fetched into core and logical flow through the program is accomplished via simple branch instructions, instead of a dozen or so IBM instructions previously needed to perform what is known as ' core resident enter / back '.

The total cost of the Trident program thus far came to $ 39. 546 billion in 2011, with a cost of $ 70 million per missile.

The lifetime cost of the F-35 program has since been estimated by the Pentagon at $ 1. 45 trillion.

This program never came to the market, but derivatives aimed at embedded systems arrived circa 1990 ( along with versions of the older NS32000 line for low cost products such as the NS32GX32, NS32CG16, NS32FV16, NS32FX161 and NS32FX164 ).

Each abatement strategy was compared with the " least cost solution " produced by a computer optimization program to identify the least costly combination of source reductions in order to achieve a given abatement goal.

Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight.

Total cost of the M551 program was $ 1. 3 billion.

It could provide security without cost of armaments and increase German prosperity and lessen taxation.

The Washington state supreme court ruled that the state's occupation tax applied to sales, made at cost to an oil company, by a wholly-owned subsidiary set up to purchase certain supplies without divulging the identity of the parent.

All services are given without cost to members.

Specifically, at speeds of OC-3 and above, the cost of segmentation and reassembly ( SAR ) hardware makes ATM less competitive for IP than Packet Over SONET ( POS ); because of its fixed 48-byte cell payload, ATM is not suitable as a data link layer directly underlying IP ( without the need for SAR at the data link level ) since the OSI layer on which IP operates must provide a maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of at least 576 bytes.

With the battle still not won, Marlborough had to rebuke one of his cavalry officers who was attempting to leave the field – " Sir, you are under a mistake, the enemy lies that way ..." Now, at the Duke's command, the second Allied line under von Bulow and the Count of Ost-Friese was ordered forward, and, driving through the centre, the Allies finally put Tallard's tired horse to rout, not without cost.

He takes her home, but refrains from sexual intimacy with her for many days, to symbolize the fact that Israel will be without a king for many years, but that God will take Israel back, even at a cost to Himself.

Using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10 % of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that city dwellers do no farming, he calculates that " in order to maintain a city with a population of 1, 000, and without taking the cost of transportation into account, an area of 100, 000 square kilometers would have been required.

The advantage of such a system lies in its ability to expand its own capacity rapidly and without additional human effort ; in essence, the initial investment required to construct the first clanking replicator would have an arbitrarily large payoff with no additional labor cost, with future returns discounted by their present value.

When asked whether the UK should replace Trident, without being told of the cost, 44 % of respondents said " Yes " and 46 % said " No ".

Her custom of giving away food and clothing without asking anyone's permission cost her family significantly but she demanded nothing for herself.

Nevertheless, all of these systems can also be described without requiring the concept of centrifugal force, in terms of motions and forces in a stationary frame, at the cost of taking somewhat more care in the consideration of forces and motions within the system.

While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative.

By the time the government killed the project in 1842, they had given Babbage over ₤ 17, 000, more than double the cost of a warship, without receiving a working engine.

Some writers have argued that with detailed use of real unit accounting and demand surveys a planned economy could operate without a capital market, in a situation of abundance, The purpose of the price mechanism is to allow individuals to recognise the opportunity cost of decisions: in a state of abundance, there is no such cost.

Monetarist economists such as Milton Friedman argue against the concept of cost-push inflation because increases in the cost of goods and services do not lead to inflation without the government and its central bank cooperating in increasing the money supply.

Circuit simulation software, such as HSPICE, and languages such as VHDL-AMS and verilog-AMS allow engineers to design circuits without the time, cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.

Figure 2: Measuring schedule performance without knowledge of actual cost.

Figure 3: Measuring cost performance without a PV baseline. Figure 4: The most common form of EVM graphic.

One useful result of this very simple approach ( without schedule models and actual cost accumulation ) is to compare EV curves of similar projects, as illustrated in Figure 5.

The Rader-Brenner algorithm ( 1976 ) is a Cooley – Tukey-like factorization but with purely imaginary twiddle factors, reducing multiplications at the cost of increased additions and reduced numerical stability ; it was later superseded by the split-radix variant of Cooley – Tukey ( which achieves the same multiplication count but with fewer additions and without sacrificing accuracy ).

In this way, a compulsory insurance package is available to all citizens at affordable cost without the need for the insured to be assessed for risk by the insurance company.

Where shotshell reloading remains popular, however, is for making specialized shotgun shells, such as for providing lowered recoil, when making low cost " poppers " used for training retrievers before hunting season to acclimate hunting dogs to the sound of a gun firing without actually shooting projectiles, for achieving better shot patterning, or for providing other improvements or features not available in commercially-loaded shotshells at any price, such as when handloading obsolete shotshells with brass cases for gauges of shotshells that are no longer commercially manufactured.

For example, pharmaceutical companies that produce, apply intellectual property rights in order to prevent other companies from manufacturing their product without the additional cost of research and development.