The lower cost of bacterial leaching in this case outweighs the time it takes to extract the metal.

Copper deposition of the metal has been done mostly by electroplating, in order to reduce the cost.

Despite these disadvantages, a high operating temperature provides an advantage by removing the need for a precious metal catalyst like platinum, thereby reducing cost.

The cost of extraction must thus be weighed against the metal value contained in the rock to determine what ore can be processed and what ore is of too low a grade to be worth mining.

Further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking ( BOS ), lowered the cost of production while increasing the quality of the metal.

Indicative of the car's utilitarian design, the interior featured painted metal surfaces, a metal dash consolidating instruments in a single, circular binnacle, adjustable front seats, a fold-down rear seat, optional swing-out rear windows, front windows with pivoting vent windows, heating via air-to-air exchange manifolds operating off the engine's heat, and a windshield washer system that eschewed the complexity and cost of an additional electric pump and instead received its pressurization from the car's spare tire ( located in the front luggage compartment ) which was accordingly overinflated to accommodate the washer function.

metal parts and cost reductions, the first Syrena 100 cars were supposed to have a

This was more popular than the TI part but cost of making the metal mask limited its use.

At the cost of $ 20, 000 to build, the group commissioned artist Shell Scott to construct the statue which was built on a metal frame and covered in cement, fiberglass, cardboard, and insulation.

As the anode materials used are generally more costly than iron, using this method to protect ferrous metal structures may not appear to be particularly cost effective.

Recently, nickel – metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries have become commercially available and cheaper, the former type now rivaling Ni – Cd batteries in cost.

The hobby cost her a broken arm, at Skatopia in Ohio, when she fell on a metal ramp ; the fracture forced her to quit her job ( and her boyfriend left her ).

The 9. 2-inch battery, however, was saved from disposal because the high cost of removing and shipping the guns to the mainland exceeded their value as scrap metal.

Rises in metal costs in the U. S. during recent years have led to a large increase in theft incidents of the converter, which can then cost well over $ 1, 000 to replace.

In the 1980s, its cardboard can ( with a rust-prone metal bottom ) was scuttled for a more cost effective plastic container.

Another part of this increasing desire for bidets in North America is the lower cost of attachable bidets. The attachable bidets may be manufactured of plastic, chrome plated metal or stainless steel to accommodate most tastes.

But despite intensive campaigns by the Clockmakers School, sheet metal fronts decorated with oil paintings ( or coloured litographs ) never became a major market segment because of the high cost and labour-intensive process, hence only a few were produced ( from the 1850s until around 1870 ), whether wall or mantel versions, and are nowadays sought-after collector pieces.

Many early attempts used platinum-iridium gauze soaked in metal nitrates, but these were not successful because of the high cost of these materials and their poor reliability.

The 3708 had lower cost and much better speed and junction leakage characteristics ( vital for an analog multiplexer ), than the Fairchild 3705, the equivalent integrated circuit ( using metal gate technology ), that the 3708 replaced.

* aluminium oxide: The most common in widest variety of grits, lowest unit cost ; can be used on metal ( i. e. body shops ) or wood

Built at a cost of about $ 148 million, it included 65 classrooms, about 450 computers on 13 networks, 7 pairs of escalators, various indoor sporting facilities, including two gymnasiums and a pool built to Public Schools Athletic League standards, a theater with acoustics and lighting to accommodate music and drama productions, two lecture halls with movable partitions, a skylit cafeteria overlooking the Hudson River, twelve science laboratories ( including a molecular biology lab and an analytical chemistry lab ) and special shops for instruction in ceramics, photography, wood, plastics, metal work, robotics and energy studies.

Partial plate armour, which protected the chest and the lower limbs, was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, but it fell into disuse after the collapse of the Roman Empire because of the cost and work involved in producing a piece of metal plate or cuirass.

However, he had to cover the cost of U. S. Marshals and metal detectors for the wedding and would have 6 hours maximum.

New techniques such as phototypesetting and offset-litho printing were to replace hot metal and letterpress printing, dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers.

Acceptance of radiopasteurization is likely to be delayed, however, for two reasons: ( 1 ) the storage life of fresh chicken under refrigeration is becoming a minimal problem because of constantly improved sanitation and distributing practices, and ( 2 ) treatment by antibiotics, a measure already approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administration, serves to extend the storage life of chicken at a low cost of about 0.5 cents per pound.

Additional mutations, however, may compensate for this fitness cost and can aid the survival of these bacteria.

Wheat, however, the grain used to bake bread back in England was almost impossible to grow, and imports of wheat were far from cost productive.

The cost of integrating its numerous purchases, however, hammered profits in 1999.

The project was not completed, however, until December 2007, at a cost of over $ 14. 6 billion ($ 8. 08 billion in 1982 dollars ).

The cost was high, however, as the government was required by the king to call two general elections in 1910 to validate its position and ended up frittering away most of its large majority, being left once again dependent on the Irish Nationalists.

Handguns were historically issued to riflemen as a secondary weapon, however the reliability and firepower of the modern assault rifle ( and the increasing amount and cost of equipment carried by a soldier ) has made this practice less common as of the end of the 20th century.

As the 1980s began, hard disk drives were a rare and very expensive additional feature on personal computers ( PCs ); however by the late ' 80s, their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest PC.

This, however, came at the cost of strong centralisation, harsh punishments for crime and corruption, and a certain degree of international isolation.

In western Macedonia however, the lack of coordination between the Greek and Serbian HQs cost the Greeks a setback in the Battle of Vevi on, when the Greek 5th Infantry Division crossed its way with the VI Ottoman Corps ( a part of the Vardar Army consisting of the 16th, 17th and 18th Nizamiye divisions ), retreating to Albania following the battle of Prilep against the Serbs.

Where shotshell reloading remains popular, however, is for making specialized shotgun shells, such as for providing lowered recoil, when making low cost " poppers " used for training retrievers before hunting season to acclimate hunting dogs to the sound of a gun firing without actually shooting projectiles, for achieving better shot patterning, or for providing other improvements or features not available in commercially-loaded shotshells at any price, such as when handloading obsolete shotshells with brass cases for gauges of shotshells that are no longer commercially manufactured.

Reloaders who reload with the primary goal of saving money on ammunition, however, can make a few tradeoffs to realize significant cost savings with a minimal sacrifice in quality.

The war cost both sides in lives and economic damage: half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers, as well as civilians, are believed to have died in the war, with many more injured ; however, it brought neither reparations nor changes in borders.

The cost of such an unusual design was too high, however, and the building never moved beyond the model stage.

Labor which is pleasant in itself is only therefore partly labor, or perhaps not labor at all ( however, see opportunity cost ).

Due to the relative high cost of the equipment required, however, it has not become commonplace in most traditional practices today but rather limited to specialty-type practices.

In a monopolistic market, however, price is set above marginal cost.

The firm still produces where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal ; however, the demand curve ( and AR ) has shifted as other firms entered the market and increased competition.

At the same time, plans were made for a new South Stand, which was estimated to cost £ 60, 000, however the tender price came out at GB £ 90, 000, a compromise was made, and it was decided to build a new upper South Stand costing £ 64, 000 instead, with the Cardiff Athletic Club contributing £ 15, 000 and the remainder coming from the WRU.

Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars even a decade ago ; however, such highly integrated motherboards are available for as little as $ 30 in the US.

This cost was not considered particularly worrying, however, because the system was also offering multi-processor support and easy portability.

Ultimately, however, the Superdome was repaired and renovated in time for the 2006 season at an estimated cost of $ 185 million.

Others have however claimed that screening may be cost effective in those 80 to 85 years of age.

Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume ; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $ 100 US in small quantities.