Together with his father and brothers, Alexios had conspired against Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ( c. 1183 ), and thus he spent several years in exile in Muslim courts, including that of Saladin.

For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts.

By the late 1870s, however, croquet had been eclipsed by another fashionable game, tennis, and many of the newly-created croquet clubs, including the All England club at Wimbledon, converted some or all of their lawns into tennis courts.

Both sides claim they attempted to resolve the matter without legal action, but the ultimately complicated legal dispute ( involving royalties, publishing rights, and a number of other issues ) soon led to the courts, where Biafra was found liable for the royalties after the jury determined that he had committed fraud and malice, and was ordered to pay damages of nearly $ 200, 000, including $ 20, 000 in punitive damages, to the band members.

Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed.

RCA's momentous victory in the courts left Armstrong unable to claim royalties on any FM receivers, including televisions, which were sold in the United States.

The main provisions of the Edict of Nantes were as follows: a ) Huguenots were allowed to hold religious services in certain towns in each province, b ) They were allowed to control and fortify eight cities ( including La Rochelle and Montauban ), c ) Special courts were established to try Huguenot offenders, d ) Huguenots were to have equal civil rights with the Catholics.

During an interview Lord Phillips was quoted by the Financial Times as saying: "' in an ideal world ' Commonwealth countries — including those in the Caribbean — would stop using the Privy Council and set up their own final courts of appeal instead.

He restored pagan temples which had been confiscated since Constantine's time, or simply appropriated by wealthy citizens ; he repealed the stipends that Constantine had awarded to Christian bishops, and removed their other privileges, including a right to be consulted on appointments and to act as private courts.

The supreme courts of both states objected, including this statement from the Massachusetts General Court:

Despite Lansing not being a designated county seat, many county offices and courts are still located within downtown Lansing, including the Ingham County Department of Human Services and the county circuit court.

The orders and their subjects are: Zeraim (" Seeds "), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws ( 11 tractates ), Moed (" Festival "), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals ( 12 tractates ), Nashim (" Women "), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite ( 7 tractates ), Nezikin (" Damages "), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths ( 10 tractates ), Kodashim (" Holy things "), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws ( 11 tractates ) and Tehorot (" Purities "), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of food purity and bodily purity ( 12 tractates ).

Normally, the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings ( including those in clear violation of established case law ) to the higher courts.

This head-of-state immunity, recognized by the United States, must be distinguished from that envisaged under the United States ' Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which, while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in American courts, lays down nine exceptions, including commercial activity and actions in the United States by agents or employees of the foreign governments.

The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States.

: The Board of Punishments handled all legal matters, including the supervision of various law courts and prisons.

Several former and present members of the opposition, including Francis Seow, J. B. Jeyaretnam and Chee Soon Juan perceive the Singaporean courts as favourable towards the government and the PAP due to a lack of separation of powers.

It also assures the independence of the judiciary, which in turn is protected by a judicial committee ; b ) a three-tier judicial system including a supreme court, a court of appeals, and courts of first instance ( either divided between district and regional courts, or a single court per region ); and c ) the laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d ' état that saw the Barre regime into power remain in force until the laws are amended.

The Swiss defeated the Swabian League in 1499 and gaining greater collective autonomy within the Holy Roman Empire, including exemption from the Imperial reforms of 1495 and immunity from most Imperial courts.

Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known that as Sheriff solemn Court, or with a Sheriff and no jury, known as ( Sheriff summary Court ).

There are other specialised courts in Vietnam, including the Central Military Court, the Criminal Court, the Civil Court and the Appeal Court.

Victimology is the study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system — that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials — and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements.

* Henry II of England insists that everyone in the kingdom, including clerics, be subject to the royal courts.

A careful student has suggested that `` In any new revision ( of the Judicial Code ) the legislators would do well to remember that the allocation of power to the federal courts should be limited to those matters in which their expertise in federal law might be used, leaving to the state judiciaries the primary obligation of pronouncing state law ''.

Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, the Superior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the regional federal courts.

The federal judiciary is composed of the Higher Judicial Council, the Supreme Court, the Court of Cassation, the Public Prosecution Department, the Judiciary Oversight Commission, and other federal courts that are regulated by law.

Judicial power is vested in the courts with the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.

Plea bargains are so common in the Superior Courts of California ( the general trial courts ) that the Judicial Council of California has published an optional seven-page form ( containing all mandatory advisements required by federal and state law ) to help prosecutors and defense attorneys reduce such bargains into written plea agreements.

* Judicial: Sri Lanka's judiciary consists of a Supreme Court – the highest and final superior court of record, a Court of Appeal, High Courts and a number of subordinate courts.

Because the Spending Clause does not give any power to the Executive Branch or the Judicial Branch, officials of agencies in the Executive Branch may not enter into agreements tolling the statute of limitations, and courts may not toll the statute of limitations under equitable tolling principles in claims against the United States.

Until 2005, the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords, a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellor's Department which administered the courts, the justice system and appointed judges, and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth.

Robert Lyon Moore, a Southern unionist from County Donegal, challenged the legality of the abolition in the courts of the Republic of Ireland, and then he appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( JCPC ).

* Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States, the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts.

The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules, which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court subject to a veto by Congress, to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts.

Kosovo Police established a special investigation team to handle cases related to the 2004 unrest and according to Kosovo Judicial Council by the end of 2006 the 326 charges filed by municipal and district prosecutors for criminal offenses in connection with the unrest had resulted in 200 indictments: convictions in 134 cases, and courts acquitted eight and dismissed 28 ; 30 cases were pending.

Article 23. 4 of the Judicial Power Organization Act ( LOPJ ), enacted on 1 July 1985, establishes that Spanish courts have jurisdiction over crimes committed by Spaniards or foreign citizens outside Spain when such crimes can be described according to Spanish criminal law as genocide, terrorism, or some other, as well as any other crime that, according to international treaties or conventions, must be prosecuted in Spain.

The Supreme Court supervises the lower courts through the Judicial Council of California, and also supervises California's legal profession through the State Bar of California.

The King created the Supreme Judicial Council in 2000 to regulate the country's courts and institutionalize the separation of the administrative and judicial branches of government.

The term " judiciary " is not meant to indicate the Judicial of the Trias politica, but rather a purely organisational complex of judicial institutions: those courts are simply part of the judiciary that are designated as such by formal law ( Article 116 ).

( iv ) district courts, Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, and Court of International Trade ( v ) district bankruptcy courts and Railroad Reorganization Court

* To appoint the judges of the Appeals court, the Land courts, the Courts of First Instance, the Judges of Instruction, the Peace Courts and their deputies, the Administrative-Tax Court and the judges of any other judicial courts created by law, according to the provisions of the Law on Judicial Career.

All county functions other than courts and county sheriff's departments were discontinued in 1960, and again in 2000 when the county sheriff's departments were reorganized as the State of Connecticut Judicial Marshal, due to political corruption in the county sheriff's departments.

As well, some cases could bypass the court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal.

The President also has the power to pardon or commute the sentences of both soldiers and civilians, and ceremonially appoints judges to courts, including the Supreme Court, after appointment by the Judicial Selection Committee.