Historically, craftsmen tended to concentrate in urban centers and formed guilds.

In the 17th century, guilds for tradesmen and craftsmen were formed.

To maintaining political stability, the Noble Lie naturally classifies people, determining their places in life and society, per the proportions of gold, silver, and iron, that each man and woman contained when formed in the earth ; those meant to rule contained gold, whilst those meant to serve ( soldiers, farmers, craftsmen et al.

Originally, smiths were craftsmen who shaped or formed metal with hammer blows.

These included the state itself ( the populus Romanus ), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders.

Trade guilds arose in the 14th century as craftsmen united to protect their common interest.

In many European countries guilds have had a revival as local organizations for craftsmen, primarily in traditional skills.

Guild socialism was partly inspired by the guilds of craftsmen and other skilled workers which had existed in England during the Middle Ages.

Through the remainder of the 13th century, French control over Flanders steadily increased until 1302 when an attempt at total annexation by Philip IV met a stunning defeat when Count Guy ( who had the support of the guilds and craftsmen ) rallied the townspeople and humiliated the French knights at the Battle of the Golden Spurs.

The organised economic concentration that made possible such urban expansion derived from the protective self-organisation into guilds, which became necessary when individual businessmen ( craftsmen, artisans, merchants, et alii ) conflicted with their rent-seeking feudal landlords who demanded greater-than-agreed rents.

During the 12th and 13th centuries, Perth was one of the richest trading burghs in the kingdom ( along with such places as North Berwick, Aberdeen and Roxburgh ), residence of numerous craftsmen, organised into guilds ( e. g. the Hammermen or Glovers ).

The city was subjected to heavy Germanisation and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.

Its Guild Mark scheme, a modern equivalent of the trading standards once regulated by the medieval guilds, gives accreditation to designers, craftsmen and manufacturers exhibiting the highest standards of British furniture production.

At the beginning oh the 17th century there were about 11 collective guilds in which craftsmen representing 79 production and service trades were associated.

As a colony, Drobeta was a thriving city with temples, a basilica, a theater, a forum, a port and guilds of craftsmen.

However, American craftsmen were unencumbered by the various long-standing allegiances of European craft guilds that sometimes stifled advances in technology out of economic self-interest.

This broke the system of guilds which had protected craftsmen already living in the cities.

Monograms have been used as signatures by artists and craftsmen on paintings, sculptures and pieces of furniture, especially when guilds enforced measures against unauthorized participation in the trade.

* Stein-und Burgfest ( Stone and Castle Festival ); a chance for local craftsmen and guilds to showcase their trade.

As in the Italian republics, this was opposed by the craftsmen who were organized in guilds of their own ( Zünfte ).

In 1921 they founded the Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, a Roman Catholic community of artists and craftsmen, inspired by ideas of the medieval guilds and the Arts and Crafts movement.

It was not hard to find work as a craftsman, but craftsmen were forced to join guilds, to serve in the city patrol and to cooperate in the local district to compete with other districts.

The second half of the 20th century is marked by the expansion of trade, banking, agricultural cooperatives, sawmills and craftsmen guilds.

In guilds of early modern Europe, king's craftsmen were guild members who had achieved a high degree of skill and therefore made things for the King.

Travelling performers, itinerant traders and wandering craftsmen who spend most of their time " on the road " came to see their world as separate from those governed by legal authorities.

After this, the city was governed by the inner council ( Innerer Rat ) which was composed by twelve noblemen, six " middle burghers " and eight craftsmen.

Aroused by what they considered an evil influence, some members of the clergy, joined by city authorities, merchants, and master craftsmen, began the attack on the plays and the actors for what they called `` the abuses of the art '', but by 1582 some of them began to denounce the whole idea of acting.

However the great majority of families were headed by farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and laborers.

Distributist ideas were put into practice by The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, a group of artists and craftsmen who established a community in Ditchling, Sussex, England, in 1920, with the motto ' Men rich in virtue studying beautifulness living in peace in their houses '.

Before the invasion of the Huns the Gothic Chernyakhov culture produced jewelry, vessels, and decorative objects in a style much influenced by Greek and Roman craftsmen.

The establishment of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, were to a large degree aided by the fact that, unlike earlier styles which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system, Georgian was also spread through the new medium of inexpensive suites of engravings.

During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful eastward settlement of lands previously sparsely inhabited by West Slavs or uninhabited, by German speaking farmers, traders and craftsmen from the western part of the Empire, both Christians and Jews.

Machines were built by various craftsmen — carpenters made wooden framings, and smiths and turners made metal parts.

Apart from workshop lathes used by craftsmen, the first large machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large-diameter cylinders on early steam engines.

Previously, most harps were imported to North America from France, England, Ireland, or Italy by smaller groups of craftsmen.

On January 26, 1928, the National String Instrument Corporation was certified and, with its new factory located near a metal-stamping shop owned by Adolph Rickenbacher and staffed by some of the most experienced and competent craftsmen available, began to produce Spanish and Hawaiian style tri-cone guitars as well as four-string tenor guitars, mandolins and ukuleles.

Ceremonial swords and musical instruments, clocks, water works, astrolabes, compasses, telescopes and other scientific instruments, were all produced for him by some of the best craftsmen in Europe.

Regional peasantry supplied the city with food and raw materials, while the craftsmen in the city produced handicrafts, most of whom lived by the central square Stortorget or by the oldest two streets in Stockholm, the names of which still reflects their trade: Köpmangatan (" Merchant's Street ") and Skomakargatan (" Shoemaker's Street ") in the central part of the city.

These inscriptions, found by Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen, have been thought by some archaeologists to be of a ritual, celebratory nature, due to their large size, careful construction and-in some cases-execution by craftsmen other than the authors.

It is also inhabited by others such as youxia ( wandering heroes ), nobles, thieves, beggars, priests, healers, merchants and craftsmen.

* Loupe, a small magnifying glass used by jewelers, watchmakers, and other precision craftsmen

They are characterised by a complex profusion of sculpture decorating all the temple parts chiseled of soft soapstone ( chloritic schist ), a good material for intricate carving, executed mostly by local craftsmen, and exhibit architectural features that distinguish them from other temple architectures of South India.