Nelson's head wound was recorded as being " three inches long ", with " the cranium exposed for one inch ".

* In February 2006 a fossil, the Gawis cranium, was found which might possibly be a species intermediate between H. erectus and H. sapiens or one of many evolutionary dead ends.

A partial cranium and mandible of Paranthropus robustus was discovered in 1938 by a schoolboy, Gert Terblanche, at Kromdraai B ( 70 km south west of Pretoria ) in South Africa.

Paranthropus was more massively built craniodentally and tended to sport gorilla-like sagittal crests on the cranium which anchored massive temporalis muscles of mastication.

Musgrave's study of the bones of Tomb II of Vergina found that the cranium of the male was deformed possibly by a trauma, a finding that is consistent with the history of Philip II.

In 1978 an intact cranium of Homo erectus ( KNM ER 3883 ) was discovered.

Further study of the cranium led him to describe the calamus scriptorius which he believed was the seat of the human soul.

Unlike in the cranium, where one PSN was in charge of one particular tissue or region, for the most part the pelvic splanchnics each contribute fibers to pelvic viscera by first traveling to one or more plexuses before being dispersed to the target tissue.

Located 2. 7 km ( 1. 6 mi ) from the airport, the oldest female cranium in the Americans was discovered there, dated at roughly 12 thousand years old.

The Peştera Muierilor find is that of a single, fairly complete cranium of a woman with rugged facial traits and otherwise modern skull features was found in a lower gallery of the " Women's cave " in Romania, among numerous cave bear remains.

Cranioscopy (« cranium »: skull, « scopos »: vision ) was later renamed to phrenology (« phren »: mind, « logos »: study ) by his follower Johann Spurzheim.

This technique was also applied to the cranium of the porolepiform Glyptolepis groenlandica.

It was customary to keep the torso in the basilica and pass the cranium around the country, inviting all to venerate and gaze.

The specimen was unusual for having a double temporal ridges that almost meet at the top of the cranium and a heavily thickened nuchal ridge.

The cranium was deeper, lower vaulted, and wider than any specimen previously recovered. It had the same double sagittal crest or double temporal ridge with a cranial capacity of around 800 – 1000cc.

As with most fossils it was heavily damaged, but given the completeness of the post facial cranium the chances of error in its reconstruction are very small.

He was also an anthropologist, whose studies of the human cranium led to the classifications dolichocephalic and brachycephalic.

In the 1960s and 1970s, it was common for physicians and researchers to place electrodes on the eyes, thinking that any other electrode site would not be able to penetrate the cranium.

In 1975, it was reported that during the excavation of a medieval cemetery in Kings Worthy, England, fetal remains appeared to lie within the birth canal of the skeleton of a young woman, with the fetal cranium external to the pelvic outlet and between the two femora ( thigh bones ) and the fetal leg bones clearly within the pelvic cavity.

The cranium was well compressed, the rostrum telescoped outward ( a characteristic of the modern suborder Odontoceti ), giving Squalodon an appearance similar to that of modern toothed whales.

The first fossil identified as being of this genus was found in the cliffs of Studd Hill near Herne Bay, Kent, and described by the paleontologist Richard Owen in a paper read to the Geological Society of London on 18 December 1839 as a " small mutilated cranium about the size of that of a hare ".

He went on to explain that he had obtained for his personal collection the mummified foetus of a woman at seven months found in the cave of " Huichay " (" two leagues from Tarma "), and included two engravings of it, to prove that the shape of the cranium of the Huancas was not due to pressures placed upon the cranium after birth for cultural reasons.

Cranioscopy is a term created by Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758 – 1828 ), a German neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain, to name his technique to infer localization of function in the brain on the basis of the external anatomy of the skull or cranium.

They produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully invasive BCIs.

Man differs from them in the absence of a hairy coat ; in the development of a large lobule to the external ear ; in his fully erect attitude ; in his flattened foot with the non-opposable great toe ; in the straight limb-bones ; in the wider pelvis ; in the marked sigmoid flexure of his spine ; in the perfection of the muscular movements of the arm ; in the delicacy of hand ; in the smallness of the canine teeth and other dental peculiarities ; in the development of a chin ; and in the small size of his jaws compared to the relatively great size of the cranium.

The mandible of this cranium appeared, nearly intact, some years after its find, close to the same location.

The team from the University of Padua also hoped to reconstruct his cranium in order to generate a computerized image of his features to coincide with his 700th birthday.

From the British Museum's reconstruction of the skull, Woodward proposed that Piltdown man represented an evolutionary missing link between apes and humans, since the combination of a human-like cranium with an ape-like jaw tended to support the notion then prevailing in England that human evolution began with the brain.

In 1923, Franz Weidenreich examined the remains and correctly reported that they consisted of a modern human cranium and an orangutan jaw with filed-down teeth.

The simpler structure is found in jawless fish, in which the cranium is represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril.

The upper jaw is often formed largely from the premaxilla, with the maxilla itself located further back, and an additional bone, the symplectic, linking the jaw to the rest of the cranium.

The base of the cranium is formed from a ring of bones surrounding the foramen magnum and a median bone lying further forward ; these are homologous with the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals.

In contrast, all other jawed vertebrates, including reptiles and nonmammalian synapsids, possess a jaw joint in which one of the smaller bones of the lower jaw, the articular, makes a connection with a bone of the cranium called the quadrate to form the articular-quadrate jaw joint.

" From the earliest to the latest of Oken's writings on the subject, " the head is a repetition of the whole trunk with all its systems: the brain is the spinal cord ; the cranium is the vertebral column ; the mouth is intestine and abdomen ; the nose is the lungs and thorax ; the jaws are the limbs ; and the teeth the claws or nails.

One medical journal reports hydranencephaly as an autosomal inherited disorder with an unknown mode of transmission, where an unknown blockage of the carotid artery where it enters the cranium causes obstruction and damage to the cerebral cortex.

The cranium is short, low, and flattened on the top ( in contrast to more advanced proboscids, which have a higher and more domed forehead ; the implication may be that deinotheres were less intelligent than other proboscids ), with very large, elevated occipital condyles.

Several early authors believed the frilled shark to be a living representative of otherwise long-extinct groups of elasmobranchs ( sharks, rays, and their ancestors ), based on its multi-pointed teeth, the articulation of its upper jaw directly to the cranium behind the eyes ( called " amphistyly "), and its " notochord-like " spinal column with indistinct vertebrae.

The evolution of tapir proboscises, made up almost entirely of soft tissues rather than bony internal structures, gives the Tapiridae skull a unique form in comparison to other perissodactyls, with a larger sagittal crest, orbits positioned more rostrally, a posteriorly telescoped cranium, and a more elongated and retracted nasoincisive incisure.

It is red or tan with a black saddle, neck and cranium and red or tan face.

But when anatomist Grafton Elliot Smith examined the skull and bones in Cairo a few months later he concluded that they were those of a young male, with wide hips, a pendent chin and distorted cranium brought on by chronic hydrocephalus.

Near the cranium it perforates the deep fascia, and is continued upward along the side of the head behind the auricula, supplying the skin and communicating with the greater occipital, the great auricular, and the posterior auricular branch of the facial.

The least common sites of preserved injury are the cranium and forelimb, with injuries occurring in about equal frequency at each site.

In birds, the palatine bones remain separate, long the sides of the rear part of the upper jaw, and typically have a mobile articulation with the cranium.

* The squamosal bone, which is homologous with the squama, and forms the side of the cranium in many bony fish and tetrapods.

The nasal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the opposite nasal and the maxilla.

The lacrimal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the maxilla and the inferior nasal concha.