Rarely do rules have a penalty of more than one card, but certain rules have a large penalty attached to them, usually the result of a cumulative rule.

In developing his argument that natural selection can explain the complex adaptations of organisms, Dawkins ' first concern is to illustrate the difference between the potential for the development of complexity as a result of pure randomness, as opposed to that of randomness coupled with cumulative selection.

The Staggers Act was one of three major deregulation laws passed by Congress in a two year period, as the cumulative result of efforts to reform transport regulation begun in 1971, during the Richard Nixon Administration.

As a result, cumulative government debt reached 121 % of GDP by the end of the 1980s.

However, cumulative minor damage from several shocks will eventually result in the item being unusable.

This loss is cumulative and could result in the black hole's disappearance over time.

Chronic encephalopathy is an example of the cumulative damage that can occur as the result of multiple concussions or less severe blows to the head.

The GCP claims that, as of late 2009, the cumulative result of more than 300 registered events significantly supports their hypothesis.

In theoretical physics, when Einstein originally tried to produce a general theory of relativity, he found that the theory seemed to predict the gravitational collapse of the universe: it seemed that the universe should either be expanding or collapsing, and to produce a model in which the universe was static and stable ( which seemed to Einstein at the time to be the " proper " result ), he introduced an expansionist variable ( called the Cosmological Constant ), whose sole purpose was to cancel out the cumulative effects of gravitation.

De Grey defines aging as " the set of accumulated side effects from metabolism that eventually kills us ", and, more specifically, as follows: " a collection of cumulative changes to the molecular and cellular structure of an adult organism, which result in essential metabolic processes, but which also, once they progress far enough, increasingly disrupt metabolism, resulting in pathology and death.

In baseball statistics, the term times on base, also abbreviated as TOB, is the cumulative total number of times a batter has reached base as a result of hits, walks and hit by pitches.

Studies have shown that for comets with high orbital inclinations and perihelion distances of less than about 2 AU, the cumulative effect of gravitational perturbations tends to result in sungrazing orbits.

He is a functionalist in regard to the origins of the Holocaust, seeing the Final Solution as a result of the " cumulative radicalization " of the German state as opposed to a long-term plan on the part of Adolf Hitler.

Mommsen has forcefully contended that the Holocaust cannot be explained as result of Hitler alone, but was instead a product of the fractured decision making process in Nazi Germany which caused the " cumulative radicalization " which led to the Holocaust.

The Act was created as a result of the " years of cumulative successful experience under the National School Lunch Program to help meet the nutritional needs of children.

In it, they put forth that AIDS was the result of not a single virus, but a cumulative overload of the immune system from sexual promiscuity and abuses of the body.

Different velocities of the emitting particles result in different ( Doppler ) shifts, the cumulative effect of which is the line broadening.

However, the cumulative economic costs suffered by both state and private enterprises as the result of under-performance by various judicial institutions, especially by the courts of general jurisdiction and the arbitration courts, is at least twice the order of magnitude as the financial burden carried by the state and society in financing such judicial institutions.

This decline includes the cumulative losses from all factors, such as urbanization, pesticide use, tracheal and Varroa mites, and commercial beekeepers ' retiring and going out of business.

However, tiny arithmetic errors from the limited accuracy of a computer's math are cumulative, which limits the accuracy of this approach.

Quantiles are points taken at regular intervals from the cumulative distribution function ( CDF ) of a random variable.

For n independent and identically distributed continuous random variables X < sub > 1 </ sub >, X < sub > 2 </ sub >, ..., X < sub > n </ sub > with cumulative distribution function G ( x ) and probability density function g ( x ) the range of the X < sub > i </ sub > is the range of a sample of size n from a population with distribution function G ( x ).

For n independent and identically distributed discrete random variables X < sub > 1 </ sub >, X < sub > 2 </ sub >, ..., X < sub > n </ sub > with cumulative distribution function G ( x ) and probability mass function g ( x ) the range of the X < sub > i </ sub > is the range of a sample of size n from a population with distribution function G ( x ).

The World Meteorological Organization uses the term " sunshine duration " to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts per square meter.

Since only the poets with the best cumulative scores advance to the final round of the night, the structure assures that the audience gets to choose from whom they will hear more poetry.

The rationale was that a farmer's growing " his own wheat " can have a substantial cumulative effect on interstate commerce, because if all farmers were to exceed their production quotas, a significant amount of wheat would either not be sold on the market or would be bought from other producers.

) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i. e. for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function ( cdf ).

The main risks appear to be from a cumulative combination of such experiences over time, although exposure to a single major trauma can sometimes lead to psychopathology, including PTSD.

The cumulative effect of these dynamics is that by the beginning of the twentieth century the Plains tribes were almost completely acculturated into the larger ethnic Han group, and had experienced nearly total language shift from their respective Formosan languages to Chinese.

By the end of the weekend of November 11, the index stood at 228, a cumulative drop of 40 percent from the September high.

Feige calculates that since 1964, " the cumulative seigniorage earnings accruing to the U. S. by virtue of the currency held by foreigners amounted to $ 167 -$ 185 billion and over the past two decades seigniorage revenues from foreigners have averaged $ 6 -$ 7 billion dollars per year ".

The finance of local government suffers from growing cumulative deficit, some local government discuss whether remain or close its horseracing.

Metamerism occurs because each type of cone responds to the cumulative energy from a broad range of wavelengths, so that different combinations of light across all wavelengths can produce an equivalent receptor response and the same tristimulus values or color sensation.

Richthofen may have been suffering from cumulative combat stress, which made him fail to observe some of his usual precautions.

Almost of oil and of gas-well gas were produced in the county in 2000 ; by the end of that year a cumulative total of of oil had been produced from county lands since 1945.

The cumulative crises and disruptions of invasion, revolution and restoration led to the independence of most of Spain's American colonies and the independence of Brazil from Portugal.

Stochastic theories blame environmental impacts on living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels as the cause of aging, examples of which ranging from damage to DNA, damage to tissues and cells by oxygen radicals ( widely known as free radicals countered by the even more well-known antioxidants ), and cross-linking.

When using probability theory to analyze order statistics of random samples from a continuous distribution, the cumulative distribution function is used to reduce the analysis to the case of order statistics of the uniform distribution.

As of March 2012, more than fifty communities in the United States use cumulative voting, all resulting from cases brought under the National Voting Rights Act of 1965.

A form of cumulative voting has been used by group facilitators as a method to collectively prioritize options, for example ideas generated from a brainstorming session within a workshop.

A revised version, called cumulative prospect theory overcame this problem by using a probability weighting function derived from Rank-dependent expected utility theory.