These pollen grain s taken on an SEM show the characteristic depth of field of SEM micrograph s.

An optical depth of 1 corresponds to a mean free path, which is the distance, on average that a photon travels before scattering from a dust grain.

When used for hewing, a notch is chopped, perpendicular to the grain, and to the depth to be hewn, then either a hewing broadaxe or adze is used to remove the excess.

The usual drying times range from 1 h to 4 h depending on how much water must be removed, type of grain, air temperature and the grain depth.

Figure 1 illustrates this relationship between sediment grain size and the depth of the marine environment.

Resulting in the fining of sediment textures with increasing depth and towards the central axis of the harbour, or if classified into grain class sizes, “ the plotted transect for the central axis goes from silty sands in the intertidal zone, to sandy silts in the inner nearshore, to silts in the outer reaches of the bays to mud at depths of 6 m or more ”.

Oolites are often used in the home aquarium industry because their small grain size ( 0. 2 to 1. 22 mm ) is ideal for shallow static beds and bottom covering of up to 1 " in depth.

Additionally, cirl bunting ( Emberiza cirlus ) thrived on farms when fields alternated between harvests and hay, but declined where farmers began to plant winter grain crops, natterjack toads ( Bufo calamatus ) declined when reductions in sheep grazing ceased to alter ponds to their preferred shape and depth, and longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris ) declined in the southeastern United States when lack of wildfires prevented its return after timbering.

For example, air hoar is a deposit of hoar frost on objects above the surface, such as tree branches, plant stems, wires ; surface hoar is formed by fernlike ice crystals directly deposited on snow, ice or already frozen surfaces ; crevasse hoar consists of crystals that form in glacial crevasses where water vapour can accumulate under calm weather conditions ; depth hoar refers to cup shaped, faceted crystals formed within dry snow, beneath the surface.

Even a small, female Pteranodon could have reached a depth of at least with its long bill and neck while floating on the surface, and they may have reached even greater depths by plunge-diving into the water from the air like some modern long-winged seabirds.

To conserve energy the cooling air is not refrigerated but is cooled by being passed through a labyrinth of pipes buried under the house at a depth where the temperature remains suitable all year round.

Lucas continued drilling and on January 10, 1901, at a depth of 1, 139 ft ( 347 m ), what is known as the Lucas Gusher or the Lucas Geyser blew oil over in the air at a rate of ( 4, 200, 000 gallons ).

The buoy has cellular modem communications and measures wind speed and direction, relative humidity, air temperature, barometric pressure, light intensity, and the water's depth and temperature, conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a levels.

That is why the Rouquayrol-Denayrouze reservoir, in the 1860s, was able to contain only 30 atmospheres of internal pressure, which translated into sufficient air to permit dives no longer than 30 minutes to a depth of no more than ten metres.

New divers frequently consume all the air in a standard " aluminum 80 " cylinder in 30 minutes or less on a typical dive, while experienced divers frequently dive for 60 to 70 minutes at the same average depth, using the same capcity cylinder, as they have learned more efficient diving techniques.

Using the same type of equipment as scuba diving, the diver breathes from compressed air cylinders, which float on a free floating raft at the surface, allowing the diver only 20 – 30 feet ( 6 – 9 m ) of depth to travel.

The wavelength of thulium-based lasers is very efficient for superficial ablation of tissue, with minimal coagulation depth in air or in water.

It was propelled by a three-cylinder Brotherhood engine, using compressed air at around and driving two propellers, and was designed to self-regulate its course and depth as far as possible.

Vorticity advection aloft and large upscale ascent help increase mixing and the convective depth, while cold air advection lowers the temperature and increases instability.

The British had made time to establish a defence in depth, behind standing barrages in dry clear weather, with increased air support over the battlefield for counter-attack reconnaissance, contact patrols and ground-attack operations.

Filter performance depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth and also the air flow rate.

:::: cutting the depth of air

* 1839 Canadian inventors James Eliot and Alexander McAvity of Saint John, New Brunswick patent an " oxygen reservoir for divers ", a device carried on the diver's back containing " a quantity of condensed oxygen gas or common atmospheric air proportionate to the depth of water and adequate to the time he is intended to remain below ".

This is because the seismic forces of an air burst of 20 megatons does not impart shock waves strong enough to overcome their countermeasures, and due to things like depth, soil type, rock formations, etc., the predictability of the outcome is highly variable.

It stresses the principle of " annihilation " of the enemy in depth ( contrasted with mere defeat of the enemy leading to retirement or retreat ), and sees military aviation, at least on the tactical and operational levels, as being unified with ground forces, either as organic components of large formations or as separate units tightly integrated into ground-force command structure, unlike the doctrine of the West, which emphasizes separate " air forces ".

It is quite common for relatively cold air to become trapped at low elevations due to an inversion above ; depending on the temperature of the surface airmass, depth of the inversion layer, and temperatures above the inversion layer, this can result in snow, sleet, freezing rain or a very cold liquid rain.

The southern group of foundations had to be constructed as caissons under compressed air, to a depth of 90 ft ( 27 m ).

Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot.

Typically, the below-ground temperature varies less from season to season than the air temperature, with temperatures tending to increase with depth.

Rommel in fact agreed with Rundstedt that the Atlantic Wall was a " gigantic bluff ", but he also believed that Allied air power made Rundstedt's defence in depth impossible.

The swim bladder of a ruddThe swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.

I cannot express to you the depth of my conviction that, in our own and free world interest, we must co-operate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions, as expressed in their different multi-year plans.

It will occur to anyone that the teacher must have adequate education, a depth and breadth of knowledge far beyond the immediate necessities of his course plus complete dedication to his subject and to his students.

In order for one to achieve proper, firm and healthy Iman one must practice righteous deeds or else his level of Iman chokes and shrinks and eventually can wither away if one does not practice Islam long enough, hence the depth of practicing Islam is good deeds.

Because water is incompressible and must remain within the confines of the bucket, this outward movement increases the depth of water at the larger radius, increasing the height of the surface at larger radius, and lowering it at smaller radius.

Bullets must be well balanced and consistent in weight, shape, and seating depth to ensure that they correctly engage the rifling, exit the barrel at a consistent velocity, and fly straight.

Because, through the dithering process, the printer builds a single image pixel out of several printer dots to increase color depth, the printer's DPI setting must be set far higher than the desired PPI to ensure sufficient color depth without sacrificing image resolution.

You must always set a certain maximum depth or else the program would generate an infinite number of rays.

Large ships transiting the bay must follow deep underwater channels that are maintained by frequent dredging as the average depth of the Bay is only as deep as a swimming pool -- approximately.

A semi-closed circuit rebreather may have an endurance of about 3 to 10 times that of the equivalent open circuit dive, and is less affected by depth ; gas is recycled but fresh gas must be constantly injected to replace at least the oxygen used, and any excess gas from this must be vented.

In particular the order of the leaves of the tree ( when read left to right for example ) cannot change ( another way to think of it is that the order that the leaves would be visited in a depth first search must be the same after the operation as before ).

Since the exposure is set to the object being filmed so the actors appear well lit, the miniature must be over-lit in order to balance the exposure and eliminate any depth of field differences that would otherwise be visible.

Beyond the expense, these lenses have limited application due to the correspondingly shallower depth of field – the scene must either be shallow, shot from a distance, or will be significantly defocused, though this may be a desired effect.

In this model each person must recruit two others, but the ease of achieving this is offset because the depth required to recoup any money also increases.

Any new pixel must check its depth value against the z buffer value before it is drawn.

They include outdoor and indoor scenes, or special types of constructions, and must also usually achieve the appearance of depth and distance within the spatial limitations of the stage.

For safety reasons, a mariner must be able to know the minimum depth of water that could occur at any point.

Dishwashers that are installed into standard kitchen cabinets have a standard width and depth of 60 cm ( Europe ) or 24 inches ( US ), and most dishwashers must be installed into a hole a minimum of 86 cm ( Europe ) or 34 inches ( US ) tall.

As the blocking voltage rating of both MOSFET and IGBT devices increases, the depth of the n-drift region must increase and the doping must decrease, resulting in roughly square relationship decrease in forward conduction vs. blocking voltage capability of the device.

At the start of a new scene, the z-buffer must be cleared to a defined value, usually 1. 0, because this value is the upper limit ( on a scale of 0 to 1 ) of depth, meaning that no object is present at this point through the viewing frustum.

Ballard already knew that Titanic imploded from pressure depth as well, much the same way the two submarines did, and concluded that it too must have also left a scattered debris trail.