This was determined by measuring the disk of cold dust orbiting the star produced by collisions between such small bodies.

Stars with large debris disks have altered astronomical thinking about planet formation ; debris disk stars, where dust is continually generated by collisions, appear to form planets readily.

Based on an observed excess emission of infrared radiation, Vega appears to have a circumstellar disk of dust.

This dust is likely to be the result of collisions between objects in an orbiting debris disk, which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System.

In 1983, Vega became the first star found to have a disk of dust.

A proposed mechanism for maintaining the dust was a disk of coalesced bodies that were in the process of collapsing to form a planet.

Models fitted to the dust distribution around Vega indicate that it is a 120 AU-radius circular disk viewed from nearly pole-on.

Thus the dust is more likely created by a debris disk around Vega, rather than from a protoplanetary disk as was earlier thought.

This dusty disk would be relatively young on the time scale of the star's age, and it will eventually be removed unless other collision events supply more dust.

This was hypothesized as either a perturbation of the dust disk by a planet or else an orbiting object that was surrounded by dust.

As described above, the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar.

The tails of comets ( which formed from the dust disk around the young Sun ) often have the spectral signature of olivine, and the presence of olivine has recently been verified in samples of a comet from the Stardust spacecraft.

Fomalhaut is surrounded by a debris disk of dust in a toroidal shape with a very sharp inner edge at a radial distance of, inclined 24 degrees from edge-on.

There are indications that the planet's orbit is not apsidally aligned with the dust disk, which may indicate that additional planets may be responsible for the dust disk's structure.

Two years later, the presence of an excess infrared emission close to Epsilon Eridani was announced, which indicated a disk of fine-grained cosmic dust was orbiting the star.

American astrophysicist Alice C. Quillen and her student Stephen Thorndike performed computer simulations of the structure of the dust disk around the star.

The time scale for all of the dust in the disk to be cleared away by these processes is less than the estimated age of the star.

Hence, the current dust disk must have been created by collisions or other effects of larger parent bodies, and the disk represents a late stage in the planet formation process of this star.

The disk contains an estimated mass of dust equal to a sixth of the mass of the Moon, with individual dust grains exceeding 3. 5 μm in size at a temperature of about 55 K. This dust is being generated by the collision of comets, which range up to 10 to 30 km in diameter and have a combined mass of 5 to 9 times the mass of the Earth.

The maximum angular diameter of any planetary disk as observed from the earth is about 1 minute of arc.

This is much smaller than the highest resolution of even the very large reflectors now under construction, and consequently the radio emission of different regions of the disk cannot be resolved.

The received radiation is compared with the radiation from a hypothetical black body which subtends the same solid angle as the visible disk of the planet.

The apparent black-body disk temperature is the temperature which must be assumed for the black body in order that the intensity of its radiation should equal that of the observed radiation.

The measured brightness temperature is a good approximation to the brightness temperature at the center of the lunar disk because of the narrow antenna beam and because the temperature distribution over the central portion of the moon's disk is nearly uniform.

Multiple anagramming is a technique used to solve some kinds of cryptograms, such as a permutation cipher, a transposition cipher, and the Jefferson disk.

Its purpose is to initialize the Amiga hardware and core components of AmigaOS and then attempt to boot from a bootable volume, such as a floppy disk or hard disk drive.

If the pencil with the angle u2 is that of the maximum aberration of all the pencils transmitted, then in a plane perpendicular to the axis at O ' 1 there is a circular disk of confusion of radius O ' 1R, and in a parallel plane at O ' 2 another one of radius O ' 2R2 ; between these two is situated the disk of least confusion.

Arcturus is thought to be an old disk star, and appears to be moving with a group of 52 other such stars, known as the Arcturus stream.

Unlike binary-addressed computer main memory, there is nothing in a disk drive that influences it to have a total capacity easily expressed using a power of 1024.

When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is the power-on self-test, which initializes and identifies system devices such as the CPU, RAM, video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk drive, optical disc drive and other hardware.

If a DFS ROM is installed, will cause the computer to search for and load a file called on the floppy disk in drive 0.

However, an open disk is not compact, because a sequence of points can tend to the boundary without getting arbitrarily close to any point in the interior.

A common variant is the " business card " CD, a single with portions removed at the top and bottom making the disk resemble a business card.

This plastic pilot shaft guide tool is used to align the clutch disk as the spring-loaded pressure plate is installed.

In the late 1960s the D2000, D4000 range was produced ( also known as the TC500 — Terminal Computer 500 ) which had a golf ball printer and a 1K ( 80 bit ) disk memory.

Amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk.

The holes were spaced at equal angular intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the electrical pulses.

Baird's scanning disk produced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough to discern a human face, from a double spiral of Photographic lenses.

Many unofficial Spectrum clones were produced, especially in the former Eastern Bloc countries ( e. g. in Romania, several models were produced ( Tim-S, HC85, HC91, Cobra, Junior, CIP, CIP 3, Jet ), some featuring CP / M and a 5. 25 "/ 3. 5 " floppy disk ) and South America ( e. g. Microdigital TK 90X and TK 95 ).

In " Contendings ", Thoth takes the disk and places it on his own head ; in earlier accounts, it is Thoth who is produced by this anomalous birth.

In electronic discovery in civil litigation, documents are often produced between parties on CD or DVD because the cost of production and delivery of documents on disk is significantly less than production and delivery of paper – and because the electronic versions may allow keyword searching or examination of metadata.

In art and symbolism, a crescent () is generally the shape produced when a circular disk has a segment of another circle removed from its edge, so that what remains is a shape enclosed by two circular arcs of different diameters which intersect at two points ( usually in such a manner that the enclosed shape does not include the center of the original circle ).

Changing any of these marks required fairly minimal changes to the software routines in Apple DOS which read and wrote the floppy disk, but produced a disk that could not be copied by any of the standard copiers, such as Apple's COPYA program.

They did well ( especially Paradise, which produced one of the best VGA cards of the era ), but storage-related chips and disk controllers were their biggest money makers.

For instance, amorphous metal wires have been produced by sputtering molten metal onto a spinning metal disk ( melt spinning ).

Full disk demos were produced, some of which would play music as the next file loaded, without any delay in the sound.

Full disk demos were produced, some of which would play music as the next file loaded, without any delay in the sound.

Even as early as 1908, it was recognized that " The final, insurmountable problems with any form of mechanical scanning were the limited number of scans per second, which produced a flickering image, and the relatively large size of each hole in the disk, which resulted in poor resolution ".

Team17 produced a similar introduction disk for Superfrog, animated by Eric W. Schwartz, although this was included with the retail edition of the game.

Sound can be produced when the tubes or rods come in contact with a suspended central clapper in the form of a ball or horizontal disk, or with each other.

In 2004, the Long Now Foundation produced a nickel disk containing parallel texts in over a thousand languages, which was launched aboard the Rosetta.

Later, MGT produced the Lifetime Drive range of floppy disk drives ( later named Universal Drive after concerns about warranty expectations ).

The earliest commercially made televisions sold by Baird in the UK in 1928 were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube behind a mechanically spinning disk ( patented by German engineer Paul Nipkow in 1884, see Nipkow disk ) with a spiral of apertures that produced a red postage-stamp size image, enlarged to twice that size by a magnifying glass.

For this purpose, specially designed single-square-hole hole punchers, commonly known as disk doublers, were produced and sold by third-party computer accessory manufacturers.