Although this would generate unacceptable distortion in a music signal, the peaky nature of speech waveforms, combined with the simple frequency structure of speech as a periodic waveform having a single fundamental frequency with occasional added noise bursts, make these very simple instantaneous compression algorithms acceptable for speech.

A distortion is the alteration of the original shape ( or other characteristic ) of an object, image, sound, waveform or other form of information or representation.

* Total harmonic distortion — a measurement of the amount of distortion in a sinusoidal waveform

For there to be no distortion of the waveform, all these waves must travel at the same velocity so that they arrive at the far end of the line at the same time as a group.

Given a sinewave generator of very low inherent distortion, it can be used as input to amplification equipment, whose distortion at different frequencies and signal levels can be measured by examining the output waveform.

# Harmonic distortion: defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line.

If the waveform is digitally created directly in the time domain using a non-bandlimited form, such as y = x-floor ( x ), infinite harmonics are sampled and the resulting tone contains aliasing distortion.

Sampling the waveform at higher frequencies and allowing for a greater number of bits per sample allows noise and distortion to be reduced further.

In contrast, digital PCM recorders show non-benign behaviour in overload ( Dunn 2003: 65 ); samples that exceed the peak quantization level are simply truncated, clipping the waveform squarely, which introduces distortion in the form of large quantities of higher-frequency harmonics.

In addition to nonlinearities in filter, the D / A circuitry used in the waveform generators produces yet more additional distortion that made its sound richer in character.

The quality of the inverter output waveform can be expressed by using the Fourier analysis data to calculate the total harmonic distortion ( THD ).

Spurious products are the result of harmonic or non-harmonic distortion in the creation of the output waveform due to non-linear numerical effects in the signal processing chain.

Additionally, the distortion effect used on electric guitars clips the outermost regions of the waveform, causing it to increasingly resemble a square wave as more distortion is applied.

The MIL-STD-1553B bus must be terminated at both ends to minimize the effects of signal reflections that can cause waveform distortion and disruption or intermittent communications failures.

Although in general this requires a non-flat frequency response, the associated distortion is not significant in situations such as radar and digital communications, where the original waveform is known and the objective is to detect the presence of this signal against the background noise.

Arbitrary waveform generators may have distortion less than-55dB below 50 kHz and less than-40dB above 50 kHz.

A technique for obtaining an estimate of the glottal volume velocity waveform during voiced speech is the “ inverse-filtering ” of either the radiated acoustic waveform, as measured by a microphone having a good low frequency response, or the volume velocity at the mouth, as measured by a pneumotachograph at the mouth having a linear response, little speech distortion, and a response time of under approximately 1 / 2 ms. A pneumotachograph having these properties was first described by Rothenberg and termed by him a circumferentially vented mask or CV mask.

The distortion is produced using a variable gain circuit with diodes shorting the output to ground to produce hard clipping of the input waveform similar to the Pro Co RAT distortion pedal.

The player or receiver must correct this distortion by either stretching the image back to its original relative width, for display on widescreen televisions, or letterboxing it ( during playback ) for display on 4: 3 video screens.

Harmonic distortion may be expressed in terms of the relative strength of individual components, in decibels, or the Root Mean Square of all harmonic components: Total harmonic distortion ( THD ), as a percentage.

In binary signaling such as FSK, distortion is the shifting of the significant instants of the signal pulses from their proper positions relative to the beginning of the start pulse.

The THD is usually expressed in percent as distortion factor or in dB relative to the fundamental as distortion attenuation.

However, Hicks analyzed the situation through indifference curves and noted that when the Marshallian Demand Curve exhibits perfect inelasticity, the policy or economic situation which caused a distortion in relative prices will have a substitution effect and that this substitution effect is a deadweight loss.

The effect is smaller with the largest moons, where self gravity is greater relative to tidal distortion, especially when they orbit a less massive planet or at a greater distance, as the Moon does.

The sound is thus recorded at a higher overall level on the tape relative to the tape's overall noise level, requiring the tape formulation to preserve this specially recorded signal without distortion.

Most individual loudspeaker drivers are incapable of covering the entire audio spectrum from low frequencies to high frequencies with acceptable relative volume and lack of distortion so most hi-fi speaker systems use a combination of multiple loudspeakers drivers, each catering to a different frequency band.

Thus, during the zoom, there is a continuous perspective distortion, the most directly noticeable feature being that the background appears to change size relative to the subject.

The relative ion size requirements for stability of the cubic structure are quite stringent, so slight buckling and distortion can produce several lower-symmetry distorted versions, in which the coordination numbers of A cations, B cations or both are reduced.

The relative ion size requirements for stability of the cubic structure are quite stringent, so slight buckling and distortion can produce several lower-symmetry distorted versions, in which the coordination numbers of A cations, B cations or both are reduced.

The human ear is largely insensitive to phase distortion, though it is exquisitely sensitive to relative phase relationships within heard sounds.

A large relative difference between a slow wipe speed and a narrow curtain slit results in cartoonish distortion, because one side of the frame is exposed at a noticeably later instant than the other and the object's interim movement is imaged.

The large relative difference between a slow downward wipe speed and a narrow curtain slit resulted in cartoonish distortion of very fast moving objects instead of truly freezing their motion.

In photography and cinematography, perspective distortion is a warping or transformation of an object and its surrounding area that differs significantly from what the object would look like with a normal focal length, due to the relative scale of nearby and distant features.

Perspective distortion is determined by the relative distances at which the image is captured and viewed, and is due to the angle of view of the image ( as captured ) being either wider or narrower than the angle of view at which the image is viewed, hence the apparent relative distances differing from what is expected.

In cinematography, perspective distortion also has bearing on the in-camera special effect known as the dolly zoom, in which a zoom lens zooms out at the same time as the camera moves toward the subject, in such a way as to keep the subject the same size in the frame while the background " changes size " relative to the subject.

An area cartogram is sometimes referred to as a value-by-area map or an isodemographic map, the latter particularly for a population cartogram, which illustrates the relative sizes of the populations of the countries of the world by scaling the area of each country in proportion to its population ; the shape and relative location of each country is retained to as large an extent as possible, but inevitably a large amount of distortion results.

Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics ( overtones ) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system.

Pope Benedict XVI has contrasted the " hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture " which many traditionalists ( and modernists alike ) apply to the Council with the " hermeneutic of reform " put forward by the Church authorities, quoting with approval Pope John XXIII's statement that the Council was intended to " transmit < nowiki ></ nowiki > doctrine, pure and integral, without any attenuation or distortion ".

A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output ( less than 3 % total harmonic distortion ) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power.

; Bit 5-7: Shift register responsible for noises — distortion :< dl >< dt > 000 </ dt >< dd > 5-and 17-bit register </ dd >< dt > 001 </ dt >< dd > 5-bit register </ dd >< dt > 010 </ dt >< dd > 5-and 4-bit register </ dd >< dt > 011 </ dt >< dd > 5-bit register — doubled, non-used </ dd >< dt > 100 </ dt >< dd > 17-bit register </ dd >< dt > 101 </ dt >< dd > without shift register — pure tones </ dd >< dt > 110 </ dt >< dd > 4-bit register </ dd >< dt > 111 </ dt >< dd > without shift register — doubled, non-used </ dd >

A typical application is to measure the distortion of a nominally sinewave signal ; a very-low-distortion sinewave is used as the input to equipment under test, and a spectrum analyser can examine the output, which will have added distortion products, and determine the percentage distortion at each harmonic of the fundamental.

Instead of using a low-distortion sinewave, the input can be subtracted from the output, attenuated and phase-corrected, to give only the added distortion and noise, which can be analysed.

* Maximum sinewave distortion of about 1 % ( accuracy of diode shaping network ) for analog generators.

If the sinewave is run through a stateless nonlinear circuit ( transcribing function ), the resulting distortion creates harmonics.